membrane bound organelles specifics

what are the 6 membrane bound organelles

mitochondria

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi apparatus lysosomes

nucleus

vacuoles

describe the process and locaiton of ATP production

in the mitochondria

what are the folded structures on mitochondria vs

the folded structures on the golgi apperatus / endoplasmic reticulum

cristae = mitochondria

cisternae = endoplasmic reticulum / golgi apperatus

organelle that produces its own DNA separate from whats in the nucleus

mitochondria

describe the structure of the mitochondria

• outer membrane = selective barrier

• intermembrane = fluid filled gap between outer and inner membrane

• inner membrane = inner wall with folds called cristae where ATP is produced

what is the folded inner wall in the mitochondria called

cristae

which layer of the mitochondrial membrane are the cristae in

innermembrane

what is the function of the cristae in mitochondria

to increase surface area available to produce more energy

innermost chamber inside of innermembrane of mitochondria is called …

mitochondrial matrix

what are the two things that the mitochondrial matrix contains

ribosome and genes unique to the mitochondria

describe the process of how ATP is made

1. electron transport chain inside the cristae of the inner membrane pump hydrogen protons (H+) into intermembrane

2. this creates a high concentration gradient called proton motive force where the protons are trying to go from high concentration in the intermembrane to lower concentration in the matrix of the innermembrane

3. to move down the gradient into the matrix, they need the enzyme ATP synthase

4. ATP synthase enzymes are like windmills, and as the H+ protons move down the gradient, the windmill turns, causing ADP to phosphorylate (which just means that a phosphate group is added to ADP turning it into ATP)

ATP production:

• the physical movement of H+ ions down the concentration gradient

chemosmosis

ATP production:

• the reaction that causes ADP to turn into ATP

phosphorylation

ATP production:

• where are electron transport chains embedded in the mitochondria?

cristae within innermembrane

ATP production:

• what structure pumps H+ across the intermembrane

proton transport chain

ATP production:

• what molecule is pumped across intermembrane

H+

ATP production:

• what is the concentration gradient that is created called? where is the concentration high ? where is the concentration low?

1. proton motive force

2. intermembrane

3. innermembrane matrix

ATP production:

• what enzyme transports the H+ protons across the concentration gradient

ATP synthase

what is the name for programmed cell death

apoptosis

what are the general functions of the mitochondria (2)

• generate ATP

• cell growth and death

when does apoptosis begin to occur within the mitochondria?

describe the process of apoptosis within the mitochondria

when theres oxidative stress (which is just when theres too many free radicals and not enough antioxidants)

process

• proteins attached to innermembrane leak out into cytoplasm

• once in the cytoplasm proteins activate enzymes that trigger apoptosis

why is the mitochondria considered semi-autonomous?

has its own ribosome, genome, and makes its own protiens

they copy their circular DNA and undergo fission

BUT they still need genes from nucleus to produce proteins for DNA replication which are imported from the cytosol

from where are the proteins that the mitochondria lacks imported from?

cytosol

one thing that the mitochondria produces that no other organelle produces

its own DNA apart from what is produced in the nucleus

describe the structure of the endoplasmic reticulum

(connects from where to where)

(made up of what folded structure?)

tube connected directly to nuclear membrane through the cytoplasm to the cell membrane

cisternae

describe the two types of endoplasmic reticulum and what makes them unique from one another and their functions

rough endoplasmic reticulum

• has ribosomes

• surface is good for protein transport and chemical reactions

• main form of protein transport

• transports, synthesizes, and folds proteins

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• does not have ribosomes

• synthesizes lipids

• SER in liver cells detoxify drugs

• SER in muscle cells store calcium

what does the smooth endoplasmic reticulum synthesize?

lipids

what types of proteins does bound ribosome synthesize

secretory and membrane protein

what type of proteins do free ribosome synthesize

cytosolic proteins that stay in cytosol

what are the two types of ribosomes?

what do they synthesize?

what are their structures?

bound ribosome

• synthesize secretary proteins and membrane proteins

• bound to translocons which are pores on the RER

free ribosomes

• synthesize cytosolic proteins that stay in the cytosol

• are free in the cytosol

membrane proteins are synthesized by..

bound ribosome

secretary proteins are synthesized by

bound ribosome

cytosolic proteins are synthesized by …

free ribosomes

what are bound ribosomes bound to?

translocons on the rough endoplasmic reticulum

pores on the rough endoplasmic reticulum are called

translocons

describe the entry and folding process of proteins in the rough endoplasmic reticulum

1. ribosomes synthesize polypeptide chain

2. fed through the lumen of the rough endoplasmic reticulum

3. in the lumen three things occur;

   1. proteins are folded

   2. proteins that are misfolded are destroyed

   3. enzymes attach carb to form glycoprotein

4. folded proteins move to transitional ER where vessicles are formed

5. vessicles bud off of transitional ER coated in protein complex which acts as a deliver tag directing vessicles to fuse with cis face of golgi apperatus

6. golgi apperatus further modifies protein and sorts and packages it

what are the two structures that have the enzymes to modify proteins

lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum

golgi apperatus

after the proteins are folded in the RER lumen, where does it go?

transitional endoplasmic reticulum

where do transport vessicles form?

transitional endoplasmic reticulum

what is the purpose of the protein complexes that vessicles are coated in when leaving the transitional endoplasmic reticulum

act as deliver tag directing vessicles to fuse with cis face of golgi apperatus

which organelle takes up half all the plasma membrane material

endoplasmic reticulum

what do you call flattened cisternae stacked on top of each other

teraski ramps

the folded structure of the golgi apperatus is called

cisternae

what is the site of entry for the golgi apperatus called

cis face

which side of the golgi apperatus is closes to the endoplasmic reticulum

cis face

what is the purpose of the cisface of the golgi apperatus

recieves transport vessicles with the immature proteins

what is the name for the side of exit on the golgi apperatus

trans face

which side of the golgi apperatus is farthest from the endoplasmic reticulum

transface

what is the purpose of the trans face of the golgi apperatus

where mature sorted proteins are shipped off in new transport vessicles

describe the route of the proteins after they are sent away from endoplasmic reticulum

1. transport vesicles from the RER bind to the cis face plasma membrane of Golgi apparatus releasing its contents inside

2. proteins move through each layer of cisternae inside small vesicles that bud off of one stack and bind to another

3. as protein pass through the stacks in the vesicles, the protein is being modified by Golgi enzymes

4. proteins arrive at transface and are shipped out in specialized vesicles for different functions

   1. exocytosis(secretion): vesicles travel to cell membrane, fuse with it, and release content outside of cell

   2. plasma membrane integration: vesicles fuse with plasma membrane incorporating glycoproteins into cell cell border

   3. lysosomal routing: vesicles cary hydrolytic enzymes and are directed to lysosomes to break down cellular waste

what are the two ways taht the golgi apperatus enzymes can modify proteins

1. sugar remodeling

2. add chemical tags: covalently bond sulfates and phosphates to proteins

describe the internal environment of lysosomes

contain hydrolytic enzymes that work best at low pH so hydrogen (H+) ions are pumped into the lysosomes to keep it acidic

organelle that helps process and package protein and lipid molecules

golgi apperatus

organelle that contains digestive enzymes that break down excess or worn down cell parts

lysosomes

the organelle that destroys evading virus and bacteria

lysosomes

the organelle that functions as the cell waste disposal system

lysosomes

organelles that digest cellular debris

lysosomes

what type of enzymes are enclosed within the lysosome ? and why do they enclose them?

hydrolytic enzymes because they need to be separated from cytosol so they dont cause damage

cells marked to be destroyed usually have a…

autophagosome

what is an autophagosome

double membrane vesicle attached to cells marked to be destroyed

what do you call double membrane vesicle attached to cells marked to be destroyed

autophagosome

describe the process of autophagy

1. cells marked to be destroyed have an autophagosome

2. lysosome fuses with autophagosome

3. lysosome releases its enzymes inside autophagosome to break down and digest its content

which organelle is responsible for the process of autophagy

lysosome

what is the disease associated with hydrolytic enzymes and what causes it

tay sacks

mutation of hydrolasis

large fluid filled sacs mostly found in plant cells but also in animal cells

vacuoles

where are the two places you can find vacuoles and what are their purpose in each

animal cells = store nutrients and waste products

plant cells = store water

what are the three general roles of the nucleus

1. store most of cells genetic info in the form of DNA

2. regulate gene transcription

3. site for DNA replication and RNA synthesis (transcription)

small membrane enclosed organelles responsible for moving materials throughout cells

transport vessicles

are transport vesicles enclosed in a membrane?

yes

what encloses the nucleus

nuclear envelope

describe the structure of the nuclear membrane

inner membrane

perinuclear space

outer membrane

both inner and outer membrane have a phospholipid bilayer

which layer of the nuclear envelope is the nuclear lamina in

inner membrane

describe what nuclear lamina is, and where it is

protein filaments that support nucleus structure and aid in organization of chromatin

protien filaments that support nucleus strcture and aid in organization are called

nuclear lamina

what macromolecule makes up nuclear lamina

protein

what do nuclear lamina organize

chromatin

what is the dna that is wrapped around histone protein called

chromatin

highly condensed like rods of DNA are called

chromosomes

genetic material that stores information about a plant or an animal

DNA

what are the two types of chromatins and what do they do

euchromatin = loosely packed transcriptionally active

heterochromatin = tightly condensed inactive chromatin

what does it mean that euchromatin is “transcriptionally active'“

means that the genes are accessible to be copied into RNA, thats why its loose, whereas heterochromatin is tight so the RNA polymerase cant even get to it

inactive chromatins are called …

heterochromatin

tightly condensed chromatins are called

heterochromatin

chromatins that are transcriptionally active are called …

euchromatin

loosely packed chromatin are called

euchromatin

DNA stands for…

deoxyribose nucleic acid

fluid filled gap between inner and outer membrane of the nuclear envelope is called…

perinuclear space

describe the way that the nuclear envelope and the endoplasmic reticulum are continuous

the perinuclear space is open to the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum lumen

the outer membrane is continuous with the endoplasmic reticulum

what is the liquid matrix inside the nuclear envelope called

nucleoplasm

what is the nucleoplasm?

liquid matrix inside the nuclear envelope

what is the non menmbranous structure inside of the nucleus called

nucleolus

is the nucleolus membrane bound?

no

what biomolecule the nucleolus made out of

protein

what is the purpose of the nucleolus

synthesize and assemble ribosomal subunits

what are the three regions of the nucleolus and what are they responsible for

1. fibrillar center (FC) = contains rDNA genes and serves as transcription site for pre- RNA

2. dense fibrillar center (DFC) = processes newly transcribed pre-RNA

3. granular component (GC) = assembles immature ribosomal subunits from processed rRNA and imported ribosomal proteins