HSCI Chapter 1

Integumentary System

Hair, skin, and nails. Is the bodies primary barrier

Skeletal System

Bones and joints. The framework of the body and protects organs

Muscular System

Skeletal muscles. Controls movement

Cardiovascular System

Heart and blood vessels. Transports blood, waste, and nutrients. 

Nervous System

Brain, spinal chord, and nerves. Transports electric signals and helps regulate body function.

Urinary System

Kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra. Removes waste and monitors blood pressure through urine.

Male Reproductive System

Prostate gland, ductus deferens, testis, and penis. Produce offspring.

Female Reproductive System

Mammary glands, uterine tube, ovary, uterus, and vagina. Produce offspring.

Digestive System

Mouth, salivary glands, esophagus, liver, stomach, gallbladder, pancreas, large and small intestine. Breaks down food and provides nutrition. 

Respiratory System 

Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, and lungs. Gas exchange.

Lymphatic System

Tonsils, lymph nodes, thymus, spleen, and lymphatic vessels. Regulates blood volume and controls immune response.

Endocrine System

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, pituitary gland, thyroid gland, thymus gland, adrenal glands (2), pancreas, and ovaries or testes. Releases hormones for regulation.

Chemical Level

Atoms and single molecules. Ex. Phospholipid molecule

Cellular Level

2+ molecules (all cellular elements)

Tissue Level

2+ Cells

Organ Level

2+ Tissues

Organ System Level

2+ Organs

Organism Level

The whole package (Ex. Human)

What are the 8 necessary life functions for humans?

Maintain their boundaries, movement, responsiveness, digestion, metabolism (catabolism and anabolism), excretion, reproduction, and growth.

Maintain their Boundaries

Separation of outside from inside. Ex. Skin or plasma membrane

Movement

Running, walking, breathing, sperm cells swimming.

Responsiveness

Reaction to external stimuli

Digestion

Food breakdown

Metabolism

All chemical reactions in the body. Broken down into catabolism and anabolism.

Catabolism

Breakdown of larger molecule to smaller molecule.

Anabolism

Building smaller molecules into larger ones.

Describe anatomical position in lay terms

Stand with legs shoulder width apart arms slightly away from the body and palms facing out.

Prone

Lying face down on stomach

Supine

Lying face up on back

Superior and Inferior

Top of the head and bottom of the feet. Not used for limbs.

Lateral and Medial

Furthest from midline and closest to midline.

Proximal and Distal

Closest to the attachment point and furthest from the attachment point. Used for limbs.

Anterior and Posterior

Closer to the front of the body and closer to the back. Also known as ventral and dorsal.

Ventral and Dorsal

Closer to the front of the body and closer to the back. Also known as anterior and posterior.

Superficial and Deep

Closest to the skin and further from skin surface.

Contralateral and Ipsilateral

Opposite side and same side.

Axial

Head, neck, and trunk. Regional term.

Appendicular

Upper and lower limb. Proximal and distal always used. Regional term.

Cephalic

Head

Cervical

Throat

Thoracic/Thorax

Upper Chest

Abdominal

Abdomen

Pelvic

Pelvis

Pubic

Gentialia

Pedal

Foot

Dorsum

Back

Gluteal

Butt

Inguinal

Groin 

Lumbar

Lower back

Sacral

Sacrum

Sternal

Sternum

Thoracic

Chest

Vertebral

Spinal Column

Buccal

Cheek

Cranial

Skull

Cephalic

Head

Frontal

Forehead

Mental

Chin

Occipital

Back of head

Ocular

Eye

Otic

Ear

Acromial

Point of the shoulder

Antebrachial

Forearm

Antecubital

Anterior surface of the elbow

Axillary

Armpit

Brachial

arm

Carpal

Wrist

Digital

Fingers or toes

Manual/Manus

Hand

Metacarpal

Bones of the hand

Palmar

Palm

Pollex

Thumb

Coxal

HipC

Cural

Anterior surface of the leg

Femoral

Thigh

Hallux

Great toe

Metatarsal

Bones of the foot

Patellar

Anterior surface of the knee

Pedal

foot

Plantar

Sole of the foot

Popliteal

Posterior surface of the knee

Sural

Posterior surface of the leg

Tarsal

Ankle

Olecranal

Posterior elbow

Calcaneal

Heel bone

Perineal

Area between anus and external genitalia

List the 4 planes

Sagittal, Transverse, Frontal, and Oblique

Sagittal Plane

Vertical plane dividing the body into left and right parts. Made up of midsagittal (split evenly through the middle) and parasagittal (uneven split)

Transverse Plane

Horizontal plane separating the body into superior and inferior parts. Limb directional rules still apply.

Frontal Plane

Vertical plane separating the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Oblique Plane

Uncommon. Diagonal cut between horizontal and vertical planes.

List the important body cavities

Cranial, vertebral, thoracic, and abdominopelvic (can be broken into abdominal and pelvic).

Cranial Cavity

Brain

Vertebral Cavity

Spinal Chord

Thoracic Cavity

Lungs and heart

Serous Membra

Thing layer of tissue surrounding organs that helps reduce friction. One layer of tissue that is folded. Made up of parietal and visceral layers along with the serous cavity.

Parietal Layer of the Serous Membra

Lines internal surface of the body wall

Visceral Layer of the Serous Membra

Covers the outside of organs

Serous Cavity

Space between membranes filled with serous fluid to reduce friction of organs against the body wall.

Pleura

Lungs. Often the add on to serous membrane terms. Ex. Visceral pleura