Exam 3: Lifespan Motor Development

A high percentage of children in ____________ societies have risk factors for heart disease

western

Cardio respiratory endurance reflections the ability to sustain___________

vigorous activity

What does oxygen and energy do during brief intense activity?

oxygen reserves and energy sources are depleted.

What is anaerobic and when is it important

without oxygen; at the beginning so that it can switch up to the other type.

______________ is the rate at which body can meet demand for short-term intense activity.

anaerobic power

_________________ is the maximum oxygen deficit the body can tolerate (sprinting, weight training)

anaerobic capacity

As the exercise period lengthens, the ______________ contributes less and the ________________ takes over.

anaerobic system; aerobic system

Anaerobic performance is related to the following:

1. body size

2. ability to metabolize fuel sources in the muscle

3. quick mobilization of oxygen delivery systems.

As energy reserved increases, what does that mean about the muscle mass

it also increases

As an organism grows and develops, it becomes more capable of what

handling or withstanding the waste products generated by its metabolism

gender differences reflects ________________ differences

muscle mass

improved neuromuscular coordination contributes to improved performance in what type of activity

anaerobic activities

what type of children have a better anaerobic performance?

more mature children

what happens to anaerobic performances once adult body size is attained?

anaerobic performance remains stable throughout adulthood

In order adults (50s—>) a loss of ___________________ and _____________ can result in declining anaerobic performance

loss of muscle mass and type II muscle fibers

Who maintains their advantage in anaerobic performance better? Men or Women?

men

men and woman decline sharply after the age of ____, but who declines significantly faster?

70 years old; women decline significantly faster

During a prolonged period of activity, what happens to the food stored and the energy

1. oxidative breakdown of food stores (ATP)

2. depletion of local energy reserves

In a prolonged exercise, the body increases what FIVE things to deliver oxygen to muscles?

1. heart

2. respiratory rates

3. cardiac output

4. oxygen uptake

Children have smaller stroke volume which means what about the cardiac output (hypo-kinetic circulation)

since they have a small stroke volume, that means they also have a smaller cardiac output. In other words, it has to work harder

What are the concentrations of hemoglobin (define it) in children?

Hemoglobin is the blood protein that carries oxygen; children have a lower concentration

With growth and maturation, what happens to the heart size, hemoglobin, and oxygen-extraction?

1. heart size increases

2. hemoglobin concentration increases

3. oxygen-extraction ability decreases to adult levels (we need less oxygen which means our muscle contractions are more smooth and efficient)

ability to sustain exercise is related to ____________ and ____________

body size and maturity level

When can the highest rate oxygen be consumed by the muscles?

VO2 max is defined as the highest rate oxygen that can be consumed by the muscles during aerobic work

What is the limiting factor to continue vigorous activity?

The heart’s ability to pump enough blood to meet the oxygen needs of the working muscles

VO2 Max is strongly related to lean _________. Why

Body mass because the stronger our body is, the stronger the muscles will be to u

____________ training yields significant improvements after puberty

aerobic

Average maximal oxygen uptake per kilogram of body weight falls about 1% per year after the ages of ______

20

What are the 5 changes that occur in the cardiovascular STRUCTURAL SYSTEM in adulthood?

1. loss of cardiac muscle

2. loss of elasticity in cardiac muscke

3. thickening of left ventricle

4. fibrotic change in valves

5. loss of elasticity in major blood vessels

What are the 5 changes that occur in the cardiovascular FUNCTIONAL SYSTEM in adulthood?

1. maximum achievable heart rate with exercise declines

2. stroke volume in some older adults declines

3. cardiac output declines

4. blood pressure changes

5. hemoglobin

What are 3 changes that occur in the respiratory system with aging?

1. elasticity of lung tissue declines

2. vital capacity decreases, especially in smokers

3. oxygen-carbon dioxide exchange loses efficiency

What is Forced Vital Capacity

the amount of air that can be forcibly exhaled from your lungs after taking the deepet breath possible, ameasured by spirometry

What happens when a person joins a training programs in their adulthood?

1. maximal oxygen uptake increases

2. stroke volume increases

3. maximal cardiac output increases oxygen is better extracted from blood at muscle sites

4. ventilation improves

Individuals with intellectual disability and with down syndrome had _____ peak heart rate and peak oxygen consumption

lower

____________ is the ability to exert force

strength

Strength enhances performance of sports and dance skills but also…

daily living activities

force is exerted against ____________

resistance

Consistent restricts that provides force and speed

isotonic

constant speed; good for rehabilitation (small flexion but controlled speed)

isokinetic

________ if exerted against immovable resistance (contractions, no change in joints)

isometric

name a common isotonic test

1-repetition maximum (measures how much a muscle can hold)

name a common isometric test

dynamometer (hand strength) or cable tensiometer

Functional strength tests include: _______, _______, _________

1. pull-ups

2. push-ups

3. plank

A force that a muscle can expert depends on what

its cross-sectional area

Does strength change in parallel with muscle size

no

Boys and girls are similar in strength levels until what age?

13

Peak strength increases follow peak

muscle increase

__________ and _________ influence the strength process in muscles

endocrine (hormones) and neural factors

Makes add more ________________ in adolescence which lead to them being _________

more muscle mass; stronger especially in the arms and shoulders

females can produce about 60% to 80% of the what

force that males can expert mainly in arms and shoulders rather than trunk or legs

After growth ceases (stops), increase in muscle mass are associated with what?

type and amount of resistance training

what might be involved in declining strength

muscular coordination factors; if one loses coordination, their strength will slow down (vise versa)

at what period in life does strength generally decline

after the 30s

Due to changes in fiber types, nervous system, and vascular system, which is there a larger loss of? strength or muscle mass

strength

______________ can increase strength with training; improve neuromuscular coordination

preubescents

People with conditions that limit their movement need caused by muscle weakness need what type of training?

strength training

Intervention for disability showed improvements in 5 areas:

1. gait (walking or moving legs)

2. gross motor function

3. muscle strength in knee and trunk muscles

4. hop

5. know joint flexibility

__________ is the ability to move joints through a full range of motion; can be specific to each joint

flexibility

How does a goniometer used

• axis is placed over joint center

• instrument arm is aligned with limb at extremes of movement range

When did studies show the start of a decline in flexibility?

childhood

In adolescence why is flexibility a variable?

some people lose a significant degree (less flexible), others maintain or improve it (flexible people).

At what age do adults gradually lose flexibility

at age 50s, especially in sparsely used joints

What are 5 ways in which flexibility matter in adulthood?

1. prevents injures

2. improves mobility

3. reduces pain

4. enhances performance

5. maintains balance

Name 3 main stretches and when you should do them?

1. regular stretching (before and after)

2. dynamic stretching (before)

3. static stretching (after)

body mass can be divided into two types of tissues:

1. lean tissue (muscles, bones, and organs)

2. fat (adipose)

What two things make up body composition?

1. fat free

2. fat tissue

perception of being competent (having the necessary ability, knowledge or skill to do something correctly) makes ________desireable

physical activity

_______ and ___________factors have an effect on body composition and exercise in children and youths

genetic and environmental

two factors that can be manipulated when it comes to body composition and exercise are:

1. diet

2. exercise

What study showed promoting physical activity in children reduced the prevalence of obesity?

muscatine sudy

What study found moderate to vigorous physical activity was associated with more optimal body composition and weight status

wiersma et al’s 2019 meta-analysis

The average middle-aged adult loses _____________ and gains__________

loses fat-free body mass; gains fat

What are 8 ways to assess body fat (name top 2)

1. underwater weighing

2. dual-energy x-ray absorptiometer (DEXA)

3. skinfold thickness

4. air-placement plethysmography

5. BMI

6. Ipad application

7. 3D body scanner

On a BMI, what is considered obese; what is healthy?

30.0 (18.5-24.9 is healthy)

exercise can offest the decrease in ______________- that accompanies caloric restrictions

basal metabolic

exericse promotes development of muscle tissue which requires what

more calories for maintenance

Exercise depends on _______

calories

High motor capacitance (MC) is associated with ________ weight

lower

Lower motor capacitance (MC) is associated with _________ weight

higher

What is the difference between sensation and perception?

Sensation is the neural activity triggered by a stimulus activating a sensory receptor, whereas perception is the process of selecting, processing, organizing, and integrating information received from the senses.

How do sensory systems function as structural constraints in motor development?

Sensory systems provide essential information for movement control. Any impairments in these systems can constrain an individual’s ability to perceive and respond to their environment, affecting motor development.

What are the 4 primary sensory systems involved in motor development?

Vision, kinesthetic, auditory, and vestibular systems.

How does visual acuity change from infancy to adulthood?

Newborns have poor visual acuity (about 20/400 to 20/800), which improves significantly by 6 months and reaches adult levels (20/20) by age 10.

What is presbyopia, and how does it affect older adults?

Presbyopia is age-related farsightedness caused by the loss of elasticity in the eye’s lens, making it difficult to focus on close objects.

What are the common symptoms of visual problems at any age?

Lack of hand-eye coordination, squinting, under or overreaching for objects, and difficulty tracking moving objects.

What are the 3 key components of visual perception?

Depth perception, object perception, and motion perception.

How does depth perception develop in infants?

Depth perception develops around 6 months, as demonstrated by studies using the visual cliff.

What is optic flow, and how does it relate to spatial awareness?

Optic flow is the pattern of motion of objects as an observer moves through space, helping with balance and movement coordination.

How does object perception involve size, shape, and motion?

Infants and children use size constancy, shape constancy, and motion cues to recognize objects despite changes in orientation or lighting.

What is kinesthetic perception, and why is it important?

Kinesthetic perception is the ability to sense body position and movement, essential for coordinated movement and balance.

How do proprioceptors contribute to kinesthetic sensation?

Proprioceptors provide feedback on body position and movement, helping to regulate posture and movement.

What are the two main types of proprioceptors?

Muscle spindles (detect stretch and length changes) and Golgi tendon organs (detect tension in muscles).

At what age does the vestibular apparatus begin functioning?

The vestibular apparatus begins functioning in the womb and is fully developed at birth.

How does tactile localization improve with age?

The ability to pinpoint touch locations improves throughout childhood and reaches near-adult levels by 6-8 years old.

What is laterality, and when do children develop it?

Laterality is the awareness of the left and right sides of the body, developing by age 4-5.

How does lateral dominance influence motor skill development?

Strong lateral dominance (preference for one hand, eye, or foot) can enhance motor skill efficiency.

What role does auditory perception play in motor development?

Auditory perception helps with spatial awareness, balance, and coordination, influencing movement timing and rhythm.

What is intermodal perception, and why is it significant?

Intermodal perception is the ability to integrate information from multiple senses, crucial for coordinated movement and learning.

How do infants integrate auditory and kinesthetic information?

Infants learn to associate sounds with movement patterns, improving their ability to coordinate actions with external cues.

How do movement and perception interact in motor development?

Movement provides sensory feedback, which shapes perception and influences further movement development.