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Metal + acid →
Salt + hydrogen
Metal oxide + acid →
Salt + water
Metal hydroxide + acid →
Salt + water
Metal carbonate + acid →
Salt + carbon dioxide + water
Ammonia + acid →
Salt
What is an acid?
A substance that dissolves in solution to produce an H+ ion and has a pH lower than 7
What is an alkali?
A soluble base that produces OH- ions when dissolved with a pH higher than 7
What is a solvent?
The liquid in which a solute dissolves to form a solution
What is a solute?
A solid substance that dissolves in liquid
What is a solution?
A mixture formed by a solute and a solvent
What is an insoluble solid?
A solid unable to dissolve in solvent
What is a soluble solid?
A solid able to dissolve in solvent
What is a precipitation reaction?
A reaction in which an insoluble solid is formed
What is an ionic equation?
A chemical equation which shows how positively charged ions and negatively charged ions react and make a compound
How do you form an ionic equation?
By writing out the balanced chemical equation for a reaction, writing the equation with the ions and cancelling out the spectator ions
What is a base?
A substance that can neutralise by accepting an H+ ion
What is the symbol/formula for hydrochloric acid?
HCl (H+ + Cl-)
What is the symbol/formula for sulfuric acid?
H2SO4 (2H+ + SO4-2)
What is the symbol/formula for nitric acid?
HNO3 (H+ + NO3-)
What is a neutralisation reaction?
Acid + base/alkali → Salt + water
What is a strong acid?
A substance which fully ionises in solution to produce H+ ions (arrow in reaction shows fully ionised)
What is a weak acid?
A substance which partially ionises in solution to release H+ ions (equilibrium/reversible arrow shows not fully ionised)
What is a concentrated acid?
An acid with little to no water mixed in with the acid molecules
What is a dilute acid?
An acid with a large amount of water mixed in with acid molecules
What are reactions between acids and metals?
Redox reactions
What is a redox reaction?
A reaction where oxidation (losing electrons) and reduction (gaining electrons) take place at the same time
OIL RIG
Oxidation is loss, reduction is gain
How can you tell which elements are oxidised and which are reduced in a redox reaction?
By using an ionic equation to find which has lost electrons and which has gained electrons
What are spectator ions?
Ions which are the same on both sides of an ionic equation
What happens in neutralisation reactions between an acid and an alkali?
Hydrogen ions react with hydroxide ions to form water
What is neutrality?
When a solution has a pH of 7 and the concentration of hydrogen ions is equal to concentration of hydroxide ions
What is relative acidity?
When a solution has a pH below 7 and the concentration of hydrogen ions is higher than the concentration of hydroxide ions
How do universal and wide range indicators measure pH?
By showing a colour change to display the pH
What is a filtrate?
Liquid which is filtered/drips through filter paper
How do you carry out the insoluble base method? (13 steps)
Measure volume of acid into beaker, set up tripod, gently heat acid until it reaches 70C, turn off bunsen burner, use spatula to add small amounts of metal powder, stir with glass rod, continue to add until some powder remains (excess), set up filter funnel and paper over conical flask, pour filtrate into evaporating basin over 250cm3 beaker of boiling water (water bath), evaporate, turn off bunsen burner when crystals begin to form, leave crystals to form for min. 24hrs, remove with spatula and pat dry using filter paper
How do you carry out titration? (10 steps)
Rinse burette and pipette with distilled water, then burette with acid and pipette with alkali, discard solution used to rinse, use pipette to transfer (25cm3) of alkali to conical flask (which should be on a white tile), add 3 drops of (methyl orange) indicator, fill the burette with the acid and note the starting volume, add the acid to the alkali while swirling the flask, and stop when the indicator changes colour, take the final volume of the acid, repeat 3 times and make a table of results
Why does the tile need to be white under the conical flask in a titration practical?
So the colour change of the indicator can be clearly seen
