Biopsych chp. 7-9

Where are the auditory receptor cells located?

Basilar membrane

Which type of processing is influenced by our knowledge, experiences, and thoughts?

Top-down processing

According to the Trichromatic Theory, we perceive color because:

The retina has three types of cones (red, green, blue)

The "blind spot" in our visual field is located at the:

Optic disc

The visible bumps on the surface of the tongue are called ________, which house the taste buds.

Papillae

Where are the cell bodies of all somatosensory receptor neurons located?

Dorsal root ganglion

Which structure in the brain serves as a "relay station" for almost all sensory systems, except for olfaction?

Thalamus

A person enters a room with a loud ticking clock but eventually stops noticing it. This is an example of:

Sensory adaptation

Transduction occurs when sensory organs convert physical energy into electrical signals.

True

Lateral inhibition helps to blur the edges of objects to make them look more natural.

False

Which muscle type lacks visible striations and is found in the walls of major organs?

Smooth

What is the name of the neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction (NMJ)?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

Huntington’s Disease is caused by a mutation in which gene?

Huntingtin

Small motor units are best suited for which type of movement?

Exquisite control of eye movements

What ion’s release from the sarcoplasmic reticulum triggers muscle contraction?

Calcium (Ca++)

Which muscle property allows it to shorten and generate a pulling force?

Contractility

Which cortical area integrates visual, tactile, and proprioceptive information?

Posterior parietal cortex

The space between the axon terminal and the motor end-plate is the:

Synaptic cleft

There is currently no known cure for Parkinson’s Disease or Multiple Sclerosis.

True

The Golgi tendon reflex causes a muscle to contract when tension becomes too high.

False

Parkinsons disease causes the loss of which type of neurons in the substantia nigra, a midbrain structure that regulates movement?

Dopamine neurons

What is a Diffuse Axonal Injury (DAI)?

Widespread damage to the myelinated white matter tracts.

Which neurodegenerative disorder is predominantly cognitive?

Alzheimer’s-type dementia

What are the two major categories of strokes?

Ischemic and Hemorrhagic

Diffuse Axonal Injury usually results from:

Rotational forces or sudden forceful stopping that stretches or tears axon bundles

A specific cellular mechanism underlying ischemic-induced cell death is:

Glutamate excitotoxicity

What is the maximum timeframe mentioned for administering clot-dissolving drugs for a stroke patient after the stroke occurs?

More than three hours (drugs will not work if the stroke occurred more than three hours before arrival)

A contusion that occurs on the complete opposite side of the brain from the impact is called a:

Contrecoup injury

Approximately 85% of all strokes are caused by a blood vessel rupturing and bleeding into the surrounding brain (hemorrhagic stroke).

False

In Alzheimer's disease (AD), amyloid plaques are abnormal accumulations of tau protein that collect inside neurons, blocking the cell's transport system.

False