CE02 Coal and Petroleum

Coal

primarily composed of plant matter that has been buried under layers of soil and rock, specifically in sedimentary rock basins in swampy areas that have been covered over time.

Petroleum

formed from the remains of small marine organisms such as algae and plankton that have settled on the seabed.

Exploration and Assessment

Geological Surveys
Core Sampling

(COAL)

Extraction

Surface Mining
Underground Mining

(COAL)

Surface Mining

This includes methods like strip mining and open-pit mining, where overburden (soil and rock) is removed to access coal seams.

Underground Mining

This method involves accessing coal seams that are deep underground.

Transportation

Conveyor Systems
Rail and Barges

(COAL)

Processing

Coal Preparation Plants
Crushers
Screens
Washing Plants
Froth Flotation

(COAL)

Crushers

These reduce the size of the coal.

Screens

Used to separate coal based on size.

Washing Plants

These use water and chemicals to remove ash, sulfur, and other impurities.

Froth Flotation

This method separates coal from impurities by exploiting differences in hydrophobicity.

Storage and Blending

Stockpiles
Silos

(COAL)

Final Products

Coke Production
Energy Production

(COAL)

Exploration and Assessment
Extraction
Transportation
Processing
Storage and Blending
Final Products
Environmental Management

7 Coal Production Process

Coke

produced in coke ovens by heating coal in the absence of air to remove volatile compounds.

Coal

primarily used for electricity generation in power plants, where it is burned to produce steam that drives turbines.

Environmental Management

Dust Control Systems
Reclamation Plans

(PETROLEUM)

Exploration and Drilling

Geological Surveys
Drilling Rigs

(PETROLEUM)

Extraction

Pump Systems
Enhanced Oil Recovery

(PETROLEUM)

Transportation

Pipelines
Tankers and Rail Cars

(PETROLEUM)

Separation and Distillation

Separators
Distillation Columns

(PETROLEUM)

Refining

Cracking Units
Reforming Units
Treating Units

(PETROLEUM)

Cracking Units

Larger hydrocarbons are broken down into smaller, more valuable products

(PETROLEUM)

Reforming Units

To improve the quality of gasoline, it converts
naphtha into high-octane products.

(PETROLEUM)

Treating Units

Desulfurization and hydrofining units are employed to remove impurities such as sulfur and nitrogen compounds.

(PETROLEUM)

Blending and Finishing

Blending Tanks
Quality Control

(PETROLEUM)

Exploration and Drilling
Extraction
Transportation
Separation and Distillation
Refining
Blending and Finishing

6 Petroleum Production Process

Cebu

Place where coal is first discovered in the Philippines in 1827

1842

(Year) with the coming of steamships, that the government became interested in these deposits, sending out requests across provincial states regarding information about coal deposits.

Isidro Sainz de Baranda

a Spanish engineer, spearheaded the industrialization of coal mining in the Philippines on January 25, 1839, by launching an aggressive effort to promote it.

1853

Year when the development and extraction of coal began

First coal mining concession

This marked the beginning of the formal coal mining sector in the Philippines,

1970

the Philippine government began investing in the energy sector, recognizing coal as a critical resource for achieving energy independence.

Coal Development Act of 1976

promoted exploration and production of coal.

1900

Year when petroleum exploration in the Philippines began

1976

Year when the Philippines produced its first large petroleum find in the Nido Oil Field, which is located offshore northwest of Palawan.

Malampaya field

key source of energy, being the source for approximately 20-30% of the Philippines' electricity.

backbone of local petroleum production,

Petroleum

foundation of global transportation.

coalification

This process turns plant material into coal, which becomes denser, drier, richer in carbon, and harder over time.

Anthracite

The highest quality of coal, hard, shiny, and black.

It has the most carbon and the least moisture.

Bituminous

A middle-grade coal used in electricity and steel production.

It has a high heat value and appears shiny with thin layers.

Subbituminous

A lower quality coal, dull black in color, with moderate heat value.

Lignite

The lowest grade, brown coal, with the least carbon and highest moisture

Generates electricity but has low heat value.

Moisture Content

The amount of water in coal affects energy output.

Ash Content

The non-combustible residue left after burning.

Lower

(Higher/Lower) ash
content means higher-quality coal with less waste and easier disposal.

Carbon Content

Determines coal's energy output.

Higher, Lower

(Higher/Lower) carbon
content means more energy

(Higher/Lower) carbon results in lower efficiency.

Gasoline

Primarily used in internal combustion engines for private and commercial vehicles.

(TYPES OF PETROLEUM)

Kerosene

Widely used for cooking, heating, and as fuel for jet engines.

(TYPES OF PETROLEUM)

Fuel Oil

Used in lamps, heaters, stoves, engines, and furnaces. It also powers farm machinery, mining equipment, and ships.

(TYPES OF PETROLEUM)

Liquefied Natural Gas

natural gas that has been cooled into a liquid to make it easier to store and transport.

(TYPES OF PETROLEUM)

Liquefied Petroleum Gas

mix of gases like propane and butane, used as fuel for heating, cooking, and in some vehicles.

It's portable and burns cleanly.

(TYPES OF PETROLEUM)

Butane

gas often mixed with propane to make LPG

It's used in lighters, portable stoves, and aerosol sprays.

(TYPES OF PETROLEUM)

Diesel Fuel

type of fuel made from crude oil, used in vehicles like trucks and buses

(TYPES OF PETROLEUM)

Propane

gas used for heating, cooking, and in vehicles.

It's a key part of LPG and is stored as a liquid under pressure.

(TYPES OF PETROLEUM)

hydrocarbons

Chemical composition of petroleum

Emissions
Land Degradation
Water Pollution
Climate Change
Habitat Destruction
Ocean Acidification

6 Effects to the Environment

Economic Dependence
Energy Security
Cost of Environmental Damage
Transition Challenges

4 Effects on the Economy

Respiratory and Cardiovascular Issues
Premature Deaths
Occupational Hazards

3 Effects on Health

Energy Production
Steel Production
Cement Production
Asphalt Production
Construction Materials

5 Importance of Coal and Petroleum to Civil Engineering