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Genetics
the scientific study of heredity (the transmission of traits from one generation to the next)
Genes
DNA sequences - units of heredity
Mendel
Scientist who discovered the basic principles of heredity by breeding garden peas
Pure Breeding
Self fertilization yields offspring with the same seed color as parent plant
Self Fertilization
Pea plant uses its own pollen to fertilize itself
Cross Fertilization
Pollen from another pea plant fertilizes the plant
Gametes
A sex cell; a haploid egg or sperm. The union of two gametes of opposite sex (fertilization) produces a zygote.
Fertilization
The union of a haploid sperm cell with a haploid egg cell, producing a zygote.
Characters
A heritable feature that varies among individuals, such as flower color
Traits
variant of a character, such as purple or white flowers
Hybrid
The offspring of two different purebred varieties
Alleles
The alternative versions of genes are called alleles.
Gene Locus
a specific location of a gene along a chromosome.
Homozygous
organism that has two identical alleles for a gene (PP,pp)
Heterozygous
s organism that has different alleles for a gene (Pp)
Genotype
An organism’s genetic makeup
Phenotype
An organism’s observable traits
Dominant
One allele determines the organism’s appearance
Recessive
The other allele has no noticeable effect on the organism’s appearance
Parents
original plant that produced offspring
F1 & F2
F1- offspring of parent plants / F2- offspring of two F1 plants
Law of Segregation
Pairs of alleles segregate (separate) during gamete formation; the fusion of gametes at fertilization creates allele pairs again
Law of Independent Assortment
the inheritance of one character has no effect on the inheritance of another.
Punnett Square
method of determining possible combinations of gametes & possible offspring in that generation
Monohybrid Cross
A cross between two individuals that are heterozygous for one character is called a _____________________.
Dihybrid Cross
A cross between two organisms that are each heterozygous for two characters
Test Cross
A mating between an individual of dominant phenotype but unknown genotype and a homozygous recessive individual.
Pedigree
a chart of family’s history for a genetic trait
Incomplete Dominance
A type of inheritance in which the phenotype of a heterozygote (Aa) is intermediate between the phenotypes of the two types of homozygotes (AA and aa).
Codominance
mode of inheritance when two alleles of heterozygotes are fully expressed
Pleiotropy
when one gene influences several characters.
Polygenic Inheritance
The additive effect of two or more genes on a single phenotypic character.
Epigenetics
the transmission of traits by mechanisms not directly involving DNA sequence.
Linked Genes
Genes located near each other on the same chromosome- tend to travel together during meiosis and fertilization.
Sex Linked Genes
A gene located on a sex chromosome—follows sex linked inheritance
