PSY204 Final Exam Content

bffr on this one lol

What are the ABC's of intergroup relations? Explain the relevant terminology.

Affect = prejudice
Behavior = discrimination
Cognitive = stereotypes

Describe 2 studies from a lecture that demonstratethe continued existence of prejudice and stereotypes. (Include what they did and what they found.

1. Noser et. al. (2007): Prejudice
n = 2.5 million tests
DV: bias against young vs. old people and white vs. black people
IV(s): ask dr. z
68% - bias towards black ppl and 14% inverse; 80% - bias towards old v young ppl and 6% inverse.
*implicit bias towards gay, fat, and muslim folks
2. Craigslist "Roommate" Ad
n = 1500 craigslist ads done by researchers
IV: racially coded names on applications
DV: roommate response
75%- responded to latino names; 65% for both black and white ppl; Indian/Asian surname with white first name- 65%

How has the idea of racism changed? Define the relevant terms.

1. Old-fashioned racism: explicitly admitting to racist attitudes
2. Modern racism: expressing racism through unobtrusive or implicit measures (because it's no longer socially acceptable)

Describe 3 processes that contribute to the formation of stereotypes.

1. Interpretation of behavior (consistent behaviors are observed)
2. Subtyping (members inconsistent with a stereotype are considered an "exception")
3. Self-fulfilling prophecy (confirmation bias and fundamental attribution error lead to the expectations readily made by stereotypes)

Define the "outgroup homogeneity effect" and explain the two reasons why it occurs

We think that outgroup members are more similar to each other than members of our ingroup; this occurs because being in our ingroup leads to easier recall of specific people, and there are more opportunities to learn about others in our group in different contexts.

Describe Jane Elliot's classroom exercise, and what it demonstrated.

Jane Elliot wanted to teach her students about prejudice. She divided kids by eye color, brown and blue, and told them to treat the brown-eyed kids poorly the first day, and then treat the blue-eyed kids poorly the next day. Kids who were considered lesser on a particular day wore a dark blue collar.
Kids were prejudicial towards the group that were considered others, which helped to contextualize racism (took place in the 60s)

Describe 3 processes that contribute to the maintenence of stereotypes.

1. Self-fulfilling prophecies
2. Subtyping
3. Interpretation of Behavior

What is subtyping and how does it work? Under what cirumstances do people subtype or not?

Subtyping is attributing a stereotype inconsistent behavior to a member of a group and labeling them as an "exception"

Describe Phase I of Word et. al.,'s 1974 study.

Black or white confederates (IV) were interviewed by participants. DV is how the intereviewee treats the confederate as well as how far the interviewee sits, speech errors, and response length. There was a longer distance and more speech errors for black confederates than white ones

Describe Phase II of the Word et. al., (1974) study.

White interviewer confederates interviewed participants the same wasy the confederates had been treated by participants in Phase I. Less distance, longer responses, and less speech errors for white confederates; farther distance, shorter response, and more speech errors for black confederates.

What process did the Word et. al., (1974) study demonstrate?

idk get help fo this one

What is realistic conflict theory?

Limited resources lead to conflict between groups resulting in prejudice.

What study is an example of realistic conflict theory?

Robbers Cave: Fifth graders split into eagles and rattlers-- competed in tourneys for prizes and groups created hostility resulting in high prejudice

What is social identity theory, and how does it relate to minimal group paradigm?

We want others to do well in our group to show we're a goooood groups, enhancing self-esteem (BERGing). The minimal group paradigm says that groups are created out of minimal or trivial information (fallacy of group competition)

Describe two different prejudice reduction techniques and related studies.

Perspective taking: participants were shown a picture of an old man and were either told to write about him (control) or write a day in his life from his perspective. Those who wrote from his perspective had more positive thoughts and less stereotypes
Individuation: [articipants were shown pics of different disabilities over five days and the individuation condition had to answer deep questions about the person, and they were less likely to avoid disabled people.

Briefly describe 5 different prejudice reduction techniques.

Perspective taking: empathy
Individuation: objective to subjective assumption
contact: proximity
stereotype replacement: removal of prejudice and stereotypes about outgroups
Situational attributions: remembering that context applies to pretty much all situations

Under what conditions does contact best reduce prejudice? List 5 or 6.

Equal status, friendly and informal setting, multiple types of members from each group, mutual interdependence, and working towards a common goal

What theories do the Robber's Cave study demonstrate?

social conflict and contact theories

What is stereotype threat? Describe a study.

Stereotype threats are people who people that deviate from someone's implicit bias about an outgroup

According to Aronson, why is relying on stereotypes a woefully incomplete strategy, even though they are often true?

They tell us nothing about the underlying reason for empirical differences

According to Glick and Fiske, what are the two types of sexism? Give an example of soemthing each type of sexist would believe?

Hostile sexism is when one holds negative stereotypes of women (less IQ, not as good at STEM or driving)
Benevolent sexism: hold positive stereotypes of women (women are more empathetic) but are still stereotypes

What is scapegoating? Who is typically the victim, and when is it most likely to occur?

Scapegoating is when we blame innocent and powerless others for our troubles (i.e., minorities); when people are frustrated, they displace aggression onto groups that are dislikes, especially if the dominant culture looks down on said minority (i.e., mexicans r stealing our jobs)

Define attributional ambiguity.

ATTRIBUTIONAL AMBIGUITY IS WHERE MEMBERS OF A minority group have trouble interpreting feedback on their work or actions (i.e., if a black woman gets accepted into a tough college, she may assume that it's due to her race and gender rather than her ability)

What is the jigsaw classroom? Describe what it looks like, and two reasons why it works.

In order to learn materail and do well on tests, students had to work together and cooperate-- this discourages competition and resentment of other students who are doing well; it breaks down ingroup versus outgroup perceptions, and when we act in ways that benefit others, we feel more favorable towards them-- teaching them to take the perspective of others.

What is the single best indicator of whether two people will get together? Describe a study supporting this.

Proximity: researchers looked at friendship patterns in a married student housing complex and couples were randomly assigned to the buildings and apartments, not knowing one another.
After three months, they were asked to list their three closest friends: 65% of friends listed lived in the same building, less than half were next door neighbors and the people who lived by stairs or mailboxes were more likely to know the people living upstairs. Mere exposure effect.

What is the mere exposure effect? Under what conditions does it work? Describe a study supporting this.

Repeated exposure to a stimulus increases our liking of it, but it only works if you initially like something and you're less aware of it. Researchers had students look at Chinese characters frequently or not frequently and found the frequently group rated the characters more positively than those in the other group.

We tend to like our mirror images more than our true images. Why? Explain using a social psychological concept from lecture.