Main Points 1

chylomicrons

End products of lipid digestion are transported in blood in the form of ___?

citric acid cycle , glucose

Glycerol is converted to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate and enters the _____ or is converted to ____.

lipolysis

Breakdown of fats to fatty acids and glycerol is called ___?

ketone bodies

When excessive amounts of fats are used, the liver converts acetyl CoA to ______ and releases them to the blood.

keto acids that can enter the citric acid cycle

To be oxidized for energy, amino acids are converted to ___?

To be oxidized for energy

This involves transamination, oxidative deamination, and keto acid modification.

CO2 by the liver to form urea.

Amine groups removed during deamination (as ammonia) are combined with ___?

urine

Urea is excreted in __?

fatty acids and glucose

Deaminated amino acids may also be converted to ___?

liver by transamination.

Nonessential amino acids are made in the ____?

tissue proteins and to maintain nitrogen balance.

In adults, most protein synthesis serves to replace ___?

all essential amino acids , amino acids

Protein synthesis requires the presence of ________. If any are lacking, _____ are used as energy fuels.

absorptive state , postabsorptive state

Energy is stored in the ________ and released in the ________.

synthesis of proteins

The amino acid pool provides amino acids for ___?

ATP synthesis and other molecules

The carbohydrate-fat pool primarily provides fuels for ___?

bloodstream

The nutrient pools are connected by the ___?

common intermediates.

fats, carbohydrates, and proteins may be interconverted via _____?

glucose

During the absorptive state, _____ is the major energy source.

insulin , glucose

Events of the absorptive state are controlled by _____, which enhances the entry of _____.

breakdown of energy

The postabsorptive state is the period when bloodborne fuels are provided by ___?

glycogenolysis, lipolysis, and gluconeogenesis.

Glucose is made available to the blood by ___?

glucagon and the sympathetic nervous system

Events of the postabsorptive state are controlled largely by ___?

Liver

It helps maintain blood energy sources, metabolizes hormones, and detoxifies drugs and other substances.

liver

The ____ synthesizes cholesterol, catabolizes cholesterol and secretes it in the form of bile salts, and makes lipoproteins.

cholesterol (85%)

The liver makes a basal amount of ______ even when dietary cholesterol intake is excessive

atherosclerosis, cardiovascular disease, and stroke

Excessively high LDL levels are implicated in ___?

energy output , heat

Body energy intake is precisely balanced by _____. Eventually, all of the energy intake is converted to ____.

regulating eating behavior

The hypothalamus and other brain centers are involved in ____?