chapter 19

What are the three functions of blood?

Transport - O2, CO2, nutrients, waste and hormones

Regulation - pH, body temp, OP/ion and protein concentration

Protection - Clotting, phagocytic WBC's, antibody production

What kind of tissue is blood?

Connective Tissue (plasma is matrix)

What is the pH of blood?

pH 7.35-7.45

What is the temperature of blood?

100.4 F

What is the average volume of blood in a person?

4-6 L

When is blood a brighter red, with or without oxygen?

With oxygen

When is blood a darker red, with or without oxygen?

Without oxygen

What is the name for the formation of blood cells?

Hemopoiesis

What cells originate from the pluripotent myeloid stem cells?

RBC, platelets, WBC, eosinophils, basophil, neutrophil, monocyte

What cells come from pluripotent lymphoid stem cells?

Lymphocytes - T cells, B cells, and natural killer cells

What are the two main components of blood?

Plasma and formed elements

How much of the blood is plasma?

55%

How much of the formed elements in the blood are RBC's?

99%

How much of the formed elements of blood are made up of WBC's and platelets?

1%

What is plasma made of?

Water, solutes and protein

What are the proteins in blood plasma?

Albumins, Globulins, and Fibrinogen

What are the other solutes in blood plasma?

Electrolytes, nutrients, gases, hormones, enzymes, and waste products

What are the components of formed elements?

Red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets

What is another word for the platelets in blood?

Thrombocytes

Red blood cells that transport oxygen?

Erythrocytes

White Blood Cells

Leukocytes

Erythropoietin

Stimulates the production of red blood cells

Thrombopoietin

Hormone from liver stimulates platelet formation

Where are most of the plasma proteins (except gamma globulins) made?

In the liver by hepatocytes

What plays a major role in defense, transport, and homeostasis?

Plasma proteins

What are the most abundant plasma proteins?

Albumins

Whats another name for an antibody?

Gamma globulin

What are the three major plasma proteins?

Albumins, Globulins and Fibrinogen

What are the three types of Globulins?

Alpha, Beta and Gamma

What is the role of Alpha and Beta Globulins?

Transport proteins

What is the role of fibrinogen?

Blood clotting

Main function of Erythrocytes?

carry O2 and CO2

What are located on the surface of RBC and are responsible for ABO and Rh blood groups?

Glycolipids

What has no nucleus and is shaped like tiny biconcave disks?

Mature RBC

What is the term for the shape of a RBC?

Biconcave disc

What is the benefit to a RBC having a biconcave shape?

More surface area for oxygen transport

What is the protein portion of a hemoglobin molecule consisting of four polypeptide chains called?

Globin

What is the non protein portion of hemoglobin; the red pigment of hemoglobin called?

Heme

Protein in red blood cells that carries a maximum of 4 oxygens is called?

Hemoglobin

Oxyhemoglobin

Carrying oxygen

Deoxyhemoglobin

Not carrying oxygen

Carboaminohemoglobin

Carrying CO2

How long do RBC live?

120 days

What must be consumed for the normal production of RBC?

Iron, protein, folic acid, vitamin B12, and Erythropoietein

After 120 days, what RBC breakdown products are reused?

Globin's amino acids and Iron

What is the total % of blood volume occupied by RBC called?

Hematocrit

Why do men tend to have a higher Hematocrit number?

Testosterone increases production of erythropoietin which increases amount of RBC production

What is stimulated by the hormone EPO?

Erythropoiesis

What is it called when someone has too many RBC?

Polycythemia

What is the cause of anemia?

Decrease in O2 holding capacity of blood

What is Hemorrhagic anemia?

Blood loss

What is the result of premature RBC destruction?

Hemolytic anemia

What is the destruction of bone marrow called?

Aplastic anemia

Anemia that results from having insufficient iron to manufacture hemoglobin?

Iron deficiency anemia

Lack of mature red blood cells (erythrocytes) caused by the inablility to absorb vitamin B12 into the body

Perinicious Anemia

What are damaged or missing globin chains?

Thalamassemia

Sickle cell anemia

A genetic disorder in which erythroctyes take on an abnormal curved or "sickle" shape

What is it called when someone has too many WBC?

Leukocytosis

What are the white blood cells in blood?

Neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes, eosinophils, and basophils (NLMEB)

What is it called when someone doesn't have enough WBC?

Leukopenia

What is it called when someone has a decreased number of platelets?

Thrombocytopenia

How long do WBC live?

Life span varies from hours to years

Approximately how many WBC are there in a person?

5,000-10,000 per micro liter

What WBC are called Granulocytes?

Neutrophils, Eosinophil and Basophil

What WBC are called Agranulocytes?

Lymphocyte and Monocyte

What granulocyte WBC is an agressive phagosytosis?

Neutrophil

What granulocyte WBC is selectively phagocytic?

Eosinophil - Phagocytosis of an An-Ab complex

What are some of the things Eosinophil's are responsible for doing?

Combating histomines in allergic reactions, defense against parasitic worms,

What Granulocyte WBC is not phagocytic?

Basophil

What are some of the things the Basophil's are responsible for doing?

Heparin (anti-coagulent), histamine, serotonin (vasoconstrictor) for allergic reactions. Intensifies inflammation

What agranulocyte WBC is not phagocytic?

Lymphocyte

What agranulocyte WBC is phagocytic?

Monocyte

What are the three types of lymphocytes?

B, T and killer cells

What agranulocyte is part of the immune system?

Lymphocytes

When does a monocyte become phagocytic?

After it leaves circulatory system and becomes a wandering or fixed macrophage

What are platelets?

Fragments of megakaryocytes

How many platelets are there approximately in the human body?

150,000-400,000 per micro liters

What makes up the inside of a platelet?

Vesicles but no nucleus

What is a resonsibility of platelets?

Hemostasis - stop blood loss

What are the three ways platelets create hemostasis?

Platelet plug, vascular spasm, or blood clotting

Where does hemopoiesis occur after 6 mos of gestation and in adults?

Red bone marrow

Where is red bone marrow found?

In the spongy bone of axial skeleton (sternum, ribs, and vertebrae), petoral and pelvic girdles, and epiphyses of long bones (especially epiphysis of humerous and femur)

What are the mesonchyme stem cells in bone marrow called?

Pluripotent

What does the nucleus of the neutrophil look like?

It has lobes

What does the nucleus of the eosinophils look like?

Two big feet with large belly (red color)

What do Lymphocytes look like?

Nucleus makes up 90% of the cell. Very small, like RBC

What do Monocytes look like?

U shaped nucleus

What does the basophil look like?

Lots of dark purple granules

What do pluripotent cells give rise to?

All the formed elements of blood plus macrophages, reticular cells, mast cells, adipocytes, osteoblasts, chondroblasts, muscle

What is the multipotent myeloid stem cell called if it ejects its nucleus to become a RBC?

Reticulocyte

What does the multipotent myeloid stem cell give rise to in order to make a platelet?

Megakaryocyte

What WBC can leave the circulatory system but undergo no change?

Neutrophil, Basophil and Eosinophil

What WBC leaves the circulatory system and undergos a chaneg?

Monocyte becomes a macrophage

What is the name for a B cell (lyphocyte) thats actively making antibodies?

Plasma cells

How do the new blood cells enter the circulation from the bone marrow?

Through sinusoids

What is the name for the hormones that regulate the differation and proliferation of progenitor cells?

Hemopoietic Growth Factors

What are the three Hemopoietic Growth Factors?

Erythropoietin/EPO, Thrombopoietin/TPO, Cytokines

Where is the Hemopoietic Growth Factor Erythropoietin primarily made and what is its function?

The kidneys, made to increase production of RBC