VERTEBRAL COLUMN

_____– is a cylindrical mass forming the ventral part of the vertebra and

floor of the vertebral foramen.

Body

____ – completes the vertebral foramen dorsally.

Arch

Cranial and caudal _________ ______ – form joints between adjacent

vertebrae; in the thoracic region they also form joints with the ribs.

articular processes

________ process – projects dorsally from the arch of the vertebra.

spinous

In the horse, the very tall spinous processes of the first few thoracic vertebrae

form a dorsal prominence called the ______.

withers

__________ processes – project lateral from the arch.

transverse

Mammillary process - in most mammals on the posterior ______ and

anterior ______ vertebrae,

• located between the ________and _________articular

processes.

• thoracic, lumbar

• transverse and anterior

Cervical – presence of__________ _____ (except C7), it has an atlas (C1) and

axis (C2).

transverse foramina

Thoracic – long, caudally pointing spinous processes until T11 (______l).

anticlinal

Lumbar – they have long, ______ pointing transverse processes

cranially

_____ –the bone formed by the fusion of the sacral vertebrae. It articulates with

the hip bones, forming the sacroiliac joint.

sacral

______ - reduction in process

caudal

_______ have well-developed articular processes to accommodate the neck's large range of motion.

Cervical

Atlas (C10) articulates with the ________ ______ of the skull cranially and with the axis caudally.

occipital condyles

In canine,

• _____ ___ is absent; instead, there is an alar notch or incisures.

alar foramen

Transverse foramen is absent, and the wings of the atlas project

posteriorly.

Bovine and Ovine

In equine, Three foramina is present: the _______, ___, and _________.

transverse, alar, intervertebral

in Porcine, The transverse foramen is situated _______to the border of the

wing.

posterior

The spinous process of axis forms a longitudinal sail on its ______.

dorsum

The body of the axis features a cranial projection called the

dens (________ process), which articulates with the atlas in a pivot joint.

odontoid process

In ______, dens are typically tooth-like.

canine

In _____ and ________, Dens are characterizable spout shaped.

bovine and ovine

In ________, Spinous process is bifid.

Equine

In _______, High spine directed posteriorly.

porcine

The 6th cervical of horses has a ____ transverse process,

while the other animals have a well-developed ventral plate that contains the _________ ______

• trifid

• muscular groove.

The 7th cervical can be recognized by the ff. features:

(1)single ________ process

(2) absence of t______ ____

(3)_____ on either side of posterior body for head of first rib.

1. transverse

2. transverse foramen

3. facet

________ vertebrae are characterized by well-developed spinous processes and

articular facets for the ribs.

Thoracic

____ _____ on the bodies of adjacent thoracic

vertebrae form cavities for articulation with the heads of the ribs.

Costal fovea

Anticlinical vertebrae in

• Horse: ___

• Pig: ___

• Sheep and Ox : ____

• Chicken: __

• 16

• 10

• 13

• -

IN canine. T_ is the tallest

T1

Thoracic of ______ is larger compared to horse

Bovine

In ____, Body of the thoracic is wider and less constricted than that of

the horse

ovine

• T1 spine is small,

• has a small transverse process and a

• large, narrow spinous process

Equine

Long body, constricted in the middle, without ventral spines.

Porcine

Well-developed dorsal spinous process and the last vertebrae

has a very prominent ventral spinous process.

Avian

The caudal thoracic vertebra has no transverse foramen. It has an additional process called the ___________ _____, and

• the last thoracic has no ________ facets.

• mamillary process

• posterior

The articular processes are more robust than those of the thoracic vertebrae, but

not as large as the articular processes in the cervical region.

Lumbar

The body and caudal_________ ____ of the last lumbar vertebra articulate with the sacrum

articular processes

_______ vertebrae have as regional characters:

(1) Short bodies

(2)Expanded transverse processes.

Lumbar

In canine, Transverse process points _______ and ______.

downward and forward

IN Equine,

• The transverse processes are _________, and

• the 4, 5 and 6 articulate with each other.

horizontal

In equine, 6th Lumbar v articulates with the

sacrum

Sacral vertebrae are fused to form one bone; the _______

sacrum

Sacrum

• articulates with the last lumbar vertebra ______,

• with the first caudal vertebra _________,

• with the wings of the ilia ________.

• cranially

• caudally

• craniolaterally

The intervertebral foramina of the sacrum are represented by:

dorsal and ventral sacral foramina (gives passage to spinal nerves)

Generally, the sacrum is described as having:

(1)2 _____

(2)2 _____

(3) Base

(4)Apex

surfaces

borders

Sacral vertebrae of canine has 3 small _____

spines

Sacral vertebrae of equine has __ separate spines

5

Sacral vertebrae of Bovine, Spinal processes are fused to form the _____ ____ ____

median sacral crest

In avian sacral,

• Fused lumbosacral vertebrae called _______

• synsacrum

In canine and bovine caudal, Presence of a ______process on the ventral surface from the 4th caudal vertebra.

Hemal process

In avian caudal, Last few caudal vertebrae fused to form the ________that gives

stability to the tail feathers.

pygostyle

The ___ form the lateral walls of the bony thorax.

ribs

Rarely, an extra rib or pair of ribs lies either cranial or caudal to the _____ vertebrae.

thoracic

2 extremities of ribs

1. Sternal (ventrally)

2. Vertebral (dorsally)

There is always one more pair of ________ ribs than there are sternal

segments (sternebrae).

sternal (true)

• The head of a rib articulates w/ the ____ of the vertebra of the same

  serial number and that of the one in front.

• The tubercle of a rib articulates w/ the __________ process of the vertebra

of the same serial number.

• body

• transverse

The ____ articulates with the bodies of two adjacent vertebrae at the

costal fovea.

head

The number of sternal ribs corresponds to the number of ________ in the animal.

sternebrae

The ribs caudal to the sternal ribs are called asternal (false) ribs because they are not directly connected to the ________ .

sternum

The______ _________ at the ventral extremity of most of the asternal ribs overlap and thus indirectly connect the asternal and sternal ribs.

costal cartilages

Sometimesthe last pair or two of ribs have no connection

with other ribs at the ventral end. Such ribs are called ____ _____s.

floating ribs

The spaces between adjacent ribs are the _______ ______, numbered to correspond to the number of the rib cranial to the space.

intercostal spaces

Rib of _______: Narrow shaft, strongly curved in dorsal 3rd

Equine

Rib of _______: Wide, flat shaft, long neck

OX/Sheep

Rib of _______: Narrow shaft, distinct angle

Pig

In chicken, First 2 pairs are floating,

• except for the 1st and last rib the vertebral ribs bear a flattened _______ process which overlaps the

succeeding rib.

uncinated

A common feature of the 1st rib in chicken is the ______ ____

scalene tubercle.

• The ______forms the ventrum of the bony thorax and

• gives attachment to the costal cartilages of the ribs as well as providing a bony origin for the _______muscles.

• sternum

• pectoral

• The cranial extremity of the sternum is the _______;

• the middle portion is the ____;

• and the caudal extremity is the _______ ______.

• manubrium

• body

• xiphoid process

The sternum consists of individual bones called _________ that

tend to fuse as age advances.

sternebrae

The number of sternebrae (excluding the manubrium and xiphoid from the count) vary with species as follows

• pig - ____;

• ruminants and horses - ____;

• and in the dog - ___.

• four

• five

• six