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seniority
The system under which committee chairs are awarded to members who have the longest continuous service on the committee
Parliament
An assembly of party representatives that chooses a government and discusses major national issues
teller vote
Explanation of congressional voting which suggests members of Congress respond primarily to cues provided by their colleagues
conservative coalition
An alliance of conservative Democrats with Republicans for voting purposes
party polarization
Indicated by votes in which a majority of voting Democrats oppose a majority of voting Republicans
closed rule
A rule issued by the Rules Committee that does not allow a bill to be amended on the House floor
simple resolution
Resolution used for matters such as establishing the rules under which each body will operate
concurrent resolution
Resolution used for settling housekeeping and procedural matters that affect both houses
joint resolution
Resolution that is essentially the same as a law and is used to propose constitutional amendments
filibuster
A means by which senators can extend debate on a bill in order to prevent or delay its consideration
attitudinal view
Explanation of congressional voting which emphasizes the impact of personal ideology and party identification as a voting cue
cloture rule
A Senate rule offering a means for stopping a filibuster
restrictive rule
A rule issued by the Rules Committee that permits some amendments to a bill but not to others
markup
Committee revisions of a bill
congressional caucus
An association of members of Congress created to advocate a political ideology or a regional or economic interest
party whip
An individual who assists the party leader in staying abreast of the concerns and voting intentions of the party members
Committee on Committees
Assigns Republicans to standing committees in the Senate
representational view
Explanation of congressional voting that is based on the assumption that members want to get reelected and vote to please their constituents
House Rules Committee
The group that decides what business comes up for a vote and what the limitations on debate should be
discharge petition
A means by which the House can remove a bill stalled in committee
multiple referral
The process through which a bill is referred to several committees that simultaneously consider it in whole or in part
Steering Committee
Assigns Democrats to standing committees in the Senate
party caucus
A meeting of the members of a political party to decide questions of policy
party vote
The extent to which members of a party vote together in the House or the Senate
bicameral legislature
. A lawmaking body composed of two chambers or parts
marginal districts
Districts in which the winner got less than 55 percent of the vote
riders
Unrelated amendments added to a bill
safe districts
Districts in which the winner got more than 55 percent of the vote
sequential referral
The process through which a bill is referred to second committee after the first is finished acting
Millionaire's Club
A traditional, pejorative name for the United States Senate
majority leader
The legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the House or Senate
select committees
Congressional committees appointed for a limited time period and purpose
franking privilege
The ability of members of Congress to mail letters to their constituents free of charge
roll call vote
A congressional voting procedure that consists of members answering yea or nay to their names
minority leader
The legislative leader elected by party members holding a minority of seats in the House or Senate
joint committee
A committee on which both representatives and senators serve
public bill
Legislation that deals with matters of general concern
open rule
An order from the Rules Committee in the House that permits a bill to be amended on the legislative floor
voice vote
A method of voting used in both houses in which members vote by shouting yea or nay
double tracking
A procedure to keep the Senate going during a filibuster; the disputed bill is shelved temporarily
conference committees
A special type of joint committee appointed to resolve differences in the House and Senate versions of a piece of legislation
Christmas tree bill
A bill that has many riders
division vote
A congressional voting procedure in which members stand and are counted
standing committees
The permanent committees of each house with the power to report bills
private bill
Legislation that deals only with specific matters rather than with general legislative affairs
pork barrel legislation
Legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in the hope of winning their votes
quorum call
A calling of the role in either house of Congress to determine whether the number of members in attendance meets the minimum number required to conduct official business
divided government
one party in control of the presidency and the other in charge of one or both chambers of Congress
organizational view
The theory of congressional voting behavior which assumes that members make voting decisions to please fellow members and obtain their goodwill
unified government
the same party controls the White House and both houses of Congress