Bio test for TOMORROW

A group of organisms that can mate to produce fertile offspring

species

a model showing every known species on Earth

tree of life

a characteristic that improves an organisms’s ability to survive

adaptation

the sequence of life’s history as indicated by fossils

fossil record

the slow process that results in a new species

evolution

the remains or imprint of an organism

fossil

process in which humans select which plants or animals to reproduce based on certain desired traits

selective breeding (artificial selection)

part of natural selection in which individuals have different traits

inherited traits

porcess by which organisms that are better adapted survive and reproduce more successfully than organisms that less well adapted

natural selection

part of natural selection un which some individuals die from starvation competition disease or predation

survival of the fittest

characteristic that can be passed from parent to offspring through genes

traits

part of natural selection in which an animal produces a large number of offspring

overproduction

Charles Darwin

English naturalist who proposed the theory of evolution by natural selection.

natural selection

The process in which organisms better adapted to their environment tend to survive and produce more offspring.

A characteristic that improves an organism’s ability to survive is

an adpataion

Antibiotic restistance

the ability of bacteria to survive exposure to antibiotics, often due to genetic mutations or acquiring resistance genes.

Antibiotic resistance is an example of ____ in action

natural selection

Scientists compare organisms’ DNA to support the theory that all species share a ____ ___

common ancestor

A spider may produce hundreds of eggs, only a few may survive. This is an example of ____

overproduction

Populations of all species are limited by

starvation, disease, competition, predation and environmental factors

Which process often begins by a portion of a population becoming physically or geographically separated?

speciation

Overtime, animals may change behavior or physical appearance in response to changes in the environment. What is this called?

adaptaion

The process by which populations slowly change overtime is called

evolution

which process would farmers use to produce vegetables that will grow in a specific climate

selective breeding

What did Charles Darwin help explain?

how species evolve over time

removes individuals with average trait values, creating 2 populations with extreme traits

disruptive selection

the most common form of selection; removes organisms with extreme expressions of a trait

stabilizing selection

In ___ ___a species evolves into a new species without any barriers that separate the populations

sympatric speciation

will shift populations towards a beneficial but extreme trait value

directional selection

a population is divided by a barrier each population evolves separately and eventually the 2 populations cant successfully interbreed

allopatric speciation

is the change in the size or frequency of a trait based on competition for mates

sexual selection

Once species will sometimes diversify in a relatively short time into a number of different species in a pattern called

adaptive radiation

The idea that evolution occured in small steps over millions of years in a speciation model is currently known as

gradualism

What is the phenomenon of the peppered moths

industrial melanism

What are the 4 types of evidence for evolution

Embyrology, Fossil Records. DNA Comparisions, Comparative Anatomy

Embryology + Development

Compare the early stages of embryos to look for similarities in their features and traits. Similar traits suggest recent common ancestors while differet traits suggest remote CA

Fossil Records

Shows how species evolve overtime using fossils in the layers underground.

Relative data

determines the age of a fossil by looking at the layers of the rocks ; referred to as a fossil record

Features of the top layers of the fossil record

younger, complex, terrestrial, vertabrate

Features of the bottom layers of the fossil record

older, simple, invertebrate, aquatic, primative

DNA comparisons

can be used to compare the DNA sequences of different species or to compare DNA results between people

Less differences in amino acids sequences and cytochrome c proteins suggest

recent common ancestry

Comparative Anatomy

compares the body parts of different organism ; similar features suggest recent CA etc.

What are the 3 structures of comparative anatomy

Homologus, analogous, vestigial

Homologus structures

similar structures, byt different function ; suggest recent cu

Analogus stuctures

different structures, but same functions ; suggest distant ca

Vestigial Stuctures

structures that have reduced in size and do not have an apparent function

Examples of vestigial structures

wisdom teeth, appendix, ear muscles, body hair, little toe, tailed bone, coccyx, and whale pelvis

divergence

• Occurs when a single species splits into two or more different species due to adaptation to different environments or selective pressures.

• Results in homologous structures (same origin but different function).

example of divergence

Darwin’s finches: Different species of finches on the Galápagos Islands evolved from a common ancestor but developed different beak shapes to suit different food sources.

convergence

• Occurs when unrelated species evolve similar traits due to adapting to similar environments or ecological roles.

• Results in analogous structures (different origin but same function).

Lamarck

• Theory of Inheritance of Acquired Characteristics

• Organisms change during their lifetime and pass those changes to offspring.

• Use and disuse – body parts used more become stronger; unused parts weaken.

• EX. Giraffes stretched their necks to reach leaves, and their offspring inherited longer necks.

• Not supported – acquired traits (e.g., muscle growth) are not inherited.

• Theory of Natural Selection

• Organisms with beneficial traits survive and pass those traits to offspring.

• Variations exist naturally, and those best suited to the environment survive.

• EX. Giraffes with naturally longer necks survived better and passed on the trait.

• Supported – genetics and fossil records confirm natural selection.

darwin

• Who?

  • Charles Darwin (1809–1882) was an English naturalist, biologist, and geologist known as the "Father of Evolution."

• Key Contribution:

  • Proposed the Theory of Natural Selection in his 1859 book On the Origin of Species.

• Main Ideas:

  1. Variation – Individuals in a species have natural differences.

  2. Struggle for Existence – More offspring are produced than can survive.

  3. Survival of the Fittest – Individuals with beneficial traits survive and reproduce.

  4. Descent with Modification – Over generations, species change and adapt.

• Example:

  • Darwin’s Finches: Finches on the Galápagos Islands had different beak shapes based on their food sources, showing adaptation through natural selection.

• Impact:

  • His work transformed biology and provided a scientific explanation for the diversity of life.

What are the 3 types of selection

drectional, disruptive and stabilizing selection

directional selection

occurs when selection favors one extreme trait value over the other extreme. This typically results in a change in the mean value of the trait under selection.

disruptive selection

occurs when selection favors the extreme trait values over the intermediate trait values. In this case the variance increases as the population is divided into two distinct groups. Disruptive selection plays an important role in speciation.

stabilizing selection

 occurs when selection favors the intermediate trait value over the extreme values. Populations under this type of selection typically experience a decrease in the amount of additive genetic variation for the trait under selection.

What are the qualifications of a species

can interbreed

can produce offspring

Speciation

1 population that has been separated into 2 and can no longer interbreed

What are the types of isolation(speciation)

allopatric and sympatric speciation

Prezygotic and postzygotic barriers

habitat behavioral and temportal isolation

Allopatric speciation

geographic barrier that separates the species

like a river

mountain

canyon

volcanic eruption

Sympatric speciation

species that separated from each other and live in the same area, but don;t interbreed

prezygotic barriers

barrier that form before the zygote is created

postzygote barriers

barriers formed after the zygote is formed

What happens to offspring affected by postzygote barriers

offspring isnt fertal

doesnt live long

may not develop

What are the 3 types of prezygote barriers?

Habitat, behavioral and temporal isolation

habitat isolation

Species live in the same geographic area but occupy different habitats and don’t interact.

Behavioral Isolation

when species have different behaviors that can separate them

temporal isolation

Species breed at different times (seasons, times of day, or years)

What theories explain the rates of evolution

gradualism and punctuated equilibrium

gradualism

1. suggests evolution occurs at a slow even rate, in environments that are stable & no catastrophes.(Continuous)

Punctuated Equilibrium:

1. evolution occurs in “spurts” separated by long periods of time.

 Period of rapid change in species are separated by little or no change in specie & is due to major environmental changes.  EX volcanic eruptions, ice age, asteriod impacts