Middle/Late Roman Republic

What was Carthage?

Ancient city-state, rival of Rome.

Why were Rome and Carthage enemies?

But this balance of power did not last long, as they kept expanding

Which was older: Carthage or Rome?

Carthage (9th century)

Hannibal

Carthaginian general, nearly conquered Rome.

Why did Hanibal hate Rome?

When he was 9, his dad brought him into a temple and told him “Rome is your enemy. As long as you live, you must fight Rome.” because he was embarrassed in the first Punic War

When was the Second Punic War fought?

218-201 BCE

Battle of Cannae

Hannibal's major victory, killed 80,000 Romans with 40,000.

Battle of Zama

202 BCE battle where Romans defeated Hannibal.

Scipio Africanus

Roman general who defeated Hannibal at Zama.

How many people wanted Civil War?

5/400 members of the senate hated Caesar they wanted War just to kill him

What happened after Caesar took Rome?

• Caesar pardoned everyone after taking Rome

• Killed pretty much no one

• Ruled under Martial law

• Tried to be benevolent

How did the Civil War end?

Pompey was killed by the Pharoah to please Julius Caesar

Tiberius Gracchus

Proposed land reforms to support citizen farmers.

Political Violence

Conflict resulting in the deaths of the Gracchi brothers.

Gaius Gracchus

Tiberius's brother, continued land reform efforts.

Civil War

Conflict between Caesar and Pompey for power.

Battle of Pharsalus

Caesar's victory despite being outnumbered 2-1.

When was the Battle of Pharsalus

48 BCE

Dictator for Life

Title Caesar received, seen as kingly.

Julian Calendar

Reorganized year into 365 days with leap year.

Ides of March

March 15, 44 BCE, Caesar's assassination date.

Civic Reforms

Caesar's initiatives to aid veterans and poor.

Roman Citizenship

Granted to communities in Spain and Gaul.

Pompey

Caesar's rival and father-in-law, general.

Senate's Role

Debated actions regarding Caesar and Pompey.

What was Caesar's strategy in the Battle of Pharsalus?

He won because he knew the Romans well. He knew a lot of the cavalry were young soldiers who cared about their looks so well. Told them to cut up their faces.

Land Reform

Efforts to create small farms post-Punic Wars with the land taken by conquest.

Conspirators

Individuals who assassinated Caesar in the Senate.