Philippine As a State (copy)

STATE

A community of persons occupying a definite territory with its own government to which the inhabitants render obedience.

NATION

A population with a common language, traditions, history, and customs inhabiting a unified geographic territory.

ELEMENTS OF A STATE

The key components necessary for the existence of a state: People, Territory, Government, and Sovereignty.

PEOPLE

Inhabitants of the state; the essential component as there would be no organization without them.

TERRITORY

Fixed geographic area inhabited by the state’s people, including land, water, and airspace.

GOVERNMENT

The instrument for determining and implementing policies and laws within the state.

SOVEREIGNTY

The supreme power of a state to control its domestic affairs without outside interference.

CONSTITUTION

A set of rules and principles specifying how a country should be governed and the rights of citizens.

Conventional Constitution

A constitution created and granted by a monarch or authority to its subjects.

Cumulative Constitution

A constitution that evolves over time through customs and legal precedents.

Written Constitution

Formally documented constitution created by an official authority at a specific time.

Unwritten Constitution

A constitution that evolves over time based on customs and judicial decisions.

Rigid Constitution

Difficult to amend; requires a special process for any changes.

Flexible Constitution

Can be amended like ordinary laws without needing a special process.

Malolos Constitution

The first Philippine Constitution, establishing the First Philippine Republic in 1899.

1935 Constitution

Constitution created under U.S. colonial rule that served as the basis for the Philippines post-independence government.

1943 Constitution

Established the Second Philippine Republic under Japanese occupation; abolished after WWII.

1973 Constitution

Introduced under Ferdinand Marcos; shifted to a parliamentary system and allowed extended rule under Martial Law.

1987 Constitution

Restored democracy and the presidential system in the Philippines after the People Power Revolution.

EXECUTIVE BRANCH

The law-enforcing body responsible for executing and administering the country’s laws.

LEGISLATIVE BRANCH

The law-making body responsible for enacting laws and approving presidential appointments.

JUDICIAL BRANCH

The law-interpreting body that interprets laws, applies them to cases, and ensures constitutionality.

Checks and Balances

A system that ensures no branch of government exceeds its powers, providing controls among the branches.

Legislative Veto Power

Congress's ability to override a presidential veto with a two-thirds vote in both the Senate and House.

Impeachment

The process by which Congress can remove the President for high crimes or misconduct.

Budgetary Control

Congress's control over national spending, requiring legislative approval of public funds usage.

Commission on Appointments

Authority of the Senate to confirm or reject presidential appointments.

Presidential Veto

The President's power to reject laws passed by Congress.

Judicial Review

The Supreme Court's ability to declare laws unconstitutional.

Senate Approval of Treaties

Requirement that any international agreement made by the President must be approved by two-thirds of the Senate.

Impeachment of Judicial Officers

Congress's ability to remove justices for misconduct or abuse of power.

Fiscal Autonomy of Judiciary

Judiciary’s ability to manage its financial resources, but subject to legislative review.

Executive Appointments

The President's authority to appoint Supreme Court justices based on judicial recommendations.