ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

helps us in what we commonly call breathing but is more appropriately termed respiration.

VENTILATION

the movement of air into and out of the lungs

GAS EXCHANGE

between the air in the lungs and the blood, sometimes called external respiration.

TRANSPORT

the oxygen and carbon dioxide in the blood.

GAS EXCHANGE

between the blood and the tissue, sometimes called internal respiration.

UPPER RESPIRATORY TRACT

includes the external nose, the nasal cavity, the pharynx with its associated structures, and the larynx.

LOWER RESPIRATORY TRACT

includes the trachea, and bronchi and smaller bronchioles, and the lungs.

CONDUCTION

consist of respiratory system structures adapted for air movement, cleaning, warming, and humidification.

NOSE

or nasus consist of the external nose and the cavity.

EXTERNAL NOSE

is the visible structure that forms a prominent feature of the face.

NASAL CAVITY

extends from the nares

NARES OR NOSTRILS

are the external openings of the nasal cavity

CHOANAE

are the opening into the pharynx

NASAL SEPTUM

a partition dividing the nasal cavity into right and left parts.

DEVIATED NASAL SEPTUM

occurs when the septum bulges to one side.

VESTIBULE

the anterior part of the nasal cavity, just inside each naris.

HARD PALATE

floor of the nasal cavity; separate the nasal and the oral cavity.

CONCHAE

three prominent bony ridges on the lateral walls on each side of the nasal cavity.

PARANASAL SINUSES

air-filled spaces within bone.

NASOLACRIMAL DUCTS

carry tears from the eyes.

SNEZEE REFLEX

dislodges foreign substances from the nasal cavity.

PHARYNX

the pharynx or throat is the common opening of both digestive and the respiratory systems. It receives air from the nasal cavity and receives air, food, and drink from the oral cavity.

NASOPHARYNX

superior part, is located posterior to the choanae and superior to the soft palate.

SOFT PALATE

an incomplete muscles and connective tissue partition separating the nasopharynx from the oropharynx.

UVULA

posterior extension of the soft palate.

PHARYNGEAL TONSIL

helps defend the body against infection.

OROPHARYNX

extends from the uvula to the epiglottis

PALATINE TONSIL

located in the lateral walls near the border of the oral cavity and the oropharynx.

LINGUAL TONSIL

located on the surface of the posterior part of the tongue.

LARYNGOPHARYNX

passes posterior to the larynx and extends from the tip of the epiglottis to the esophagus; lined with stratified squamous epithelium and ciliated columnar epithelium.

LARYNX

or voice box is located in the anterior part of the throat and extends from the base of the tongue to the trachea.

3 UNPAIRED

1. THYROID CARTILAGE - adam’s apple, largest cartilage.

2. CRICOID CARTILAGE - most inferior, forms the base of the larynx.

3. EPIGLOTTIS - 3rd unpaired cartilage; consist of elastic cartilage.

6 PAIRED

1. CUEIFORM CARTILAGE - top

2. CORNICULATE CARTILAGE - middle

3. ARYTENOID CARTILAGE - bottom

4. VESTIBULAR FOLDS - false vocal cords; superior

5. VOCAL CORDS - true vocal folds; inferior

6. LARYNGITIS - inflammation of the mucous epithelium of the vocal folds.

TRACHEA

the trachea or windpipe, is a membranous tube attached to the larynx.

• 16-20 C-shaped pieces of hyaline cartilage.

C-SHAPE CARTILAGES

form the anterior and lateral sides of the trachea.

TRACHEA

diameter of 12 mm and a length of 10-12 cm

CERVICAL TRACHEA

in the neck

THORACIC TRACHEA

in your chest

BRONCHI

are the pair of respiratory tracts that extends air from the Trachea and later pass it on to the multiple smaller tube - bronchioles

LEFT MAIN BRONCHUS

more horizontal because it is displaced by the heard

RIGHT MAIN BRONCHUS

where foreign objects that enter the trachea usually lodger; more vertical

BRONCHIOLES

are one of the smallest airways in the respiratory tract, and lead directly to the alveolar ducts which house the alveoli

LUNGS

the lungs are the principal organs of respiration, and on a volume basis they are among the largest organs in the body.

• 2.5 cm superior to the clavicle

LEFT LUNG

560 g

2 lobes

cardiac notch

RIGHT LUNG

620 g

3 lobes

TRACHEOBRONCHIAL TREE

is the branching tree of airways beginning at the larynx and extending inferiorly and peripherally into the lungs as bronchioles.

LOBAR BRONCHI

secondary bronchi

SEGEMENTAL BRONCHI

tertiary bronchi

ALVEOLAR EPITHELIUM

composed of simple squamous epithelium

CAPILLARY EPITHELIUM

simple squamous epithelium

ALVEOLI

or hallow cavity are small, air filled chambers where gas exchange between the air and the blood takes places

PLEURA

double-layered membrane that lines thoracic cavity

PARIETAL PLEURA

membrane that lines thoracic cavity

VISCERAL PLEURA

covers the lung’s surface

PLEURA CAVITY

space around the pleura

INSPIRATION

inhalation, movement of air into the lungs

EXPIRATION

exhalation, movement of air out the lungs

DIAPHRAGM

large dome of skeletal muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from abdominal cavity

LUNG RECOIL

tendency for an expanded lung to decrease in size.

GAS EXCHANGE

air and blood occurs in the respiratory membrane.