Particles,question words,conjuctions,freakwency words

wa

• Function: Marks the topic of the sentence (what the sentence is about).

• Pronounced: "wa" (even though it's written as は)

• Usage: It introduces the topic that you are talking about.

ga

• Function: Marks the subject (the doer of an action or the thing being described).

• Emphasizes: Who or what is doing the action, or the thing that is being described.

• Often used with new information.

o

• Function: Marks the direct object of the sentence (the thing that is being acted upon).

• Pronounced: "o" (even though it's written as を)

• Usage: It is placed after the object that the verb affects.

ni

• Function 1: Marks time something happens.

• Function 2: Marks the destination or place something is going toward.

• Function 3: Can also show the recipient of an action.

e

• Function: Shows direction or movement toward a place.

• Pronounced: "e" (even though it's written as へ)

• Very similar to に but focuses more on movement rather than the result.

de

• Function 1: Marks where an action takes place.

• Function 2: Marks by what means you do something.

mo

• Function: Means "also" or "too".

• Replaces は, が, or を when showing similarity.

no

• Function: Shows possession or belonging.

• Similar to "of" or apostrophe 's in English.

kara

• Function: Indicates starting point or reason.

• Equivalent to "from" or "because".

made

• Function: Indicates endpoint or until.

• Often used with から (from).

what

nan/nani

who

dare

when

itsu

where

doko

why

nande/doushite

how

douyatte

zenzen

never

amari

not often

tokidoki

sometimes

yoku

often

mainichi

everyday

everyday

ie/ichi

school

gakko

cafiteria

shokudoo

room

heya

dorm

ryo