A&P Quiz 13: Chapter 15

Check all that are characteristics of the somatic nervous system (SNS).

1. It consists of two neurons in the pathway.

2. Effector organs are skeletal muscle fibers.

3. Axons are myelinated and thick.

4. The SNS either excites or inhibits effector organs.

1. It consists of two neurons in the pathway.

2. Effector organs are skeletal muscle fibers.

3. Axons are myelinated and thick.

The autonomic nervous system has _________

lower motor neuron(s) in each pathway.

two

Which of the following terms describes axons from many preganglionic cells synapsing on a single ganglionic cell?

Neuronal convergence

The cell bodies of the preganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division are located

in the lateral horns of the T1–L2 spinal cord segments.

True or False: The parasympathetic division is also called the craniosacral division because its preganglionic neurons are housed within nuclei in the brainstem and within the lateral gray matter of the S2–S4 spinal cord segments.

True

Check all that are true statements regarding the anatomy and structure of the sympathetic division.

1. The neuron cell bodies are located in the lateral horns of their spinal cord segments.

2. The preganglionic sympathetic axons remain in the spinal cord for a large distance before leaving.

3. The sympathetic trunk ganglia house sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies.

4. The splanchnic nerves are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.

1. The neuron cell bodies are located in the lateral horns of their spinal cord segments.

3. The sympathetic trunk ganglia house sympathetic ganglionic neuron cell bodies.

4. The splanchnic nerves are composed of preganglionic sympathetic axons that did not synapse in a sympathetic trunk ganglion.

Match the prevertebral ganglion with the splanchnic nerves that synapse there.

A. Celiac ganglion 

B. Inferior mesenteric ganglion 

C. Superior mesenteric gangion  

1. Lesser and least thoracic splanchnic nerves

2. Greater thoracic splanchnic nerves

3. Lumbar splanchnic nerves

A2

C1

D3

In which sympathetic pathway does the preganglionic neuron synapse with a ganglionic neuron, and the postganglionic axon does not leave the trunk via a gray ramus, but instead projects directly to the effector?

Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

Which of the following are released from neurosecretory cells in the adrenal medulla as a result of sympathetic innervation? Check all that apply.

1. Epinephrine

2. ACh

3. Norepinephrine

4. ACTH

1. Epinephrine

3. Norepinephrine

You pull out of the school parking lot and almost enter the road in front of an oncoming truck. For the next several minutes, you experience an increase in your breathing rate, heart rate, blood pressure, and vision sensitivity. What aspect of the sympathetic division is this attributed to? Check all that apply.

1. Mass activation

2. One axon innervates one effector, called the "leader" effector

3. Increased output from the vagus nerves

4. Numerous axons cause an effect in many effector organs

1. Mass activation

4. Numerous axons cause an effect in many effector organs

Match the plexus with its function.

A. Esophageal plexus    

B. Hypogastric plexus       

C. Pulmonary plexus

D. Abdominal aortic plexus

1. Passes signals to bronchi

2. Carries signals that control swallowing

3. Composed of celiac and mesenteric plexuses

4. Carries signals to pelvic region

A2

B4

C1

D3

Norepinephrine (NE)….

has either an excitatory or inhibitory effect on the effector.

Determine whether each of the following labels is parasympathetic or sympathetic.

Digesting

Running

Fight-or-flight

Defecation

Excitement

Rest-and-digest

Contraction of gallbladder

Stress

Parasympathetic: rest-and-digest, digesting, defecation, contraction of gallbladder

Sympathetic: running, fight-or-flight, excitement, stress

1. Also known as the ______ division, the sympathetic nervous system exits the CNS via many spinal nerves T1—L2.

2. Action potentials travel along the preganglionic nerve fiber and enter the ______.

3. Fibers exiting the sympathetic chain ganglia take one of three routes: 1) the spinal nerve route, 2) the sympathetic nerve route, or 3) the ______ tnerve route.

4. Arriving at target cells, ______ nerve fibers release acetylcholine or norepinephrine into the synaptic cleft.

5. The effect of norepinephrine binding to ______ receptors stimulates cardiac muscle cells.

1. thoracolumbar

2. sympathetic chain ganglion

3. splanchnic

4. postganglionic

5. adrenergic

Which of the following statements is true regarding the adrenal gland's relationship with the autonomic nervous system?  Check all that apply.

1. Parasympathetic postganglionic neurons synapse with cells of the adrenal cortex.

2. Neurosecretory cells of the adrenal medulla secrete norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.

3. Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with cells of the adrenal medulla.

4. Sympathetic postganglionic neurons synapse with cells of the adrenal medulla.

5. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with cells of the adrenal medulla.

2. Neurosecretory cells of the adrenal medulla secrete norepinephrine when stimulated by the sympathetic nervous system.

5. Sympathetic preganglionic neurons synapse with cells of the adrenal medulla.

Read each description below regarding the dual innervation of the ANS and decide if it is antagonistic or cooperative innervation.

1. The parasympathetic division constricts the pupils while the sympathetic division dilates the pupils.

2. The sympathetic division stimulates an increase in heart rate while the parasympathetic division stimulates a decrease in heart rate

3. The sympathetic division stimulates mucus production by salivary glands while the parasympathetic division stimulates enzyme secretion

4. During sex, the parasympathetic division stimulates arousal while the sympathetic division stimulates orgasm.

Antagonistic -

2. The sympathetic division stimulates an increase in heart rate while the parasympathetic division stimulates a decrease in heart rate

1. The parasympathetic division constricts the pupils while the sympathetic division dilates the pupils.

Cooperative -

4. During sex, the parasympathetic division stimulates arousal while the sympathetic division stimulates orgasm.

3. The sympathetic division stimulates mucus production by salivary glands while the parasympathetic division stimulates enzyme secretion.

1. If the neuron secretes acetylcholine, it is a(n) _________ neuron.

2. If the neuron secretes epinephrine, it is a(n) _________ neuron.

1. cholinergic

2. adrenergic

Insert the correct words into the sentences regarding the location of sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies.

1. The sympathetic preganglionic neuron cell bodies are housed in the ______ of the ______ spinal nerves.

2. From there, the preganglionic sympathetic axons travel with somatic motor axons to ______ the spinal cord.

3. After this, the preganglionic sympathetic axons enter first the ______ and then the ______.

1. lateral horn, T1-L2

2. exit

3. anterior roots, spinal nerves

Classify the descriptions as pertaining to either white or gray rami with respect to their location and composition.

1. Connect to all spinal nerves

2. Myelinated

3. Carry postganglionic sympathetic axons

4. Unmyelinated

5. Analogous to highway entrance ramps

6. Carry preganglionic sympathetic axons

7. Analogous to highway exit ramps

8. Associated with T1-L2 spinal nerves

White Rami:

2. Myelinated

5. Analogous to highway

6. Carry preganglionic sympathetic axons

8. Associated with T1-L2 spinal nerves

Gray Rami:

1. Connect to all spinal nerves

3. Carry postganglionic sympathetic axons

4. Unmyelinated

7. Associated with T1-L2

Pelvic splanchnic parasympathetic axons cause increased smooth muscle contraction in which of the following anatomical destinations? Check all that apply.

1. Heart/lungs

2. Digestive organs

3. Kidneys/ureters

4. Urinary bladder

2. Digestive organs

3. Kidneys/ureters

4. Urinary bladder

What are the characteristics of white and gray rami in the sympathetic nervous system? Check all that apply.

1. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons from T1–L2 spinal nerves are called white rami.

2. White rami are unmyelinated neurons.

3. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons connecting to all spinal nerves are called gray rami.

4. Gray rami are unmyelinated neurons.

1. Preganglionic sympathetic neurons from T1–L2 spinal nerves are called white rami.

3. Postganglionic sympathetic neurons connecting to all spinal nerves are called gray rami.

4. Gray rami are unmyelinated neurons.

Match the four pathways of sympathetic neurons with the region of the body having effector organs innervated by each pathway.

1. Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway

2. Adrenal medulla pathway

3. Spinal nerve pathway

4. Splanchnic nerve pathway

A. Neck, torso, and limbs

B. Head/eye

C. Abdomen/pelvis

D. Adrenal gland

Postganglionic sympathetic nerve pathway - head/eye

Adrenal medulla pathway - adrenal gland

Spinal nerve pathway - neck, torso, and limbs

Splanchnic nerve pathway - abdomen/pelvis

True or False: Catecholamines activate a group of receptors called cholinergic receptors.

false

True or False: Autonomic tone is the continual activity of both parasympathetic and sympathetic divisions of the autonomic nervous system.

True

Which of the following is an example of a system or function only controlled by the sympathetic nervous system?

1. Heart rate

2. The adrenal medulla

3. The digestive (GI) tract

4. Pupil size

The adrenal medulla

What are the names of the autonomic nerve plexuses in the body? Check all that apply.

1. Hypogastric plexus

2. Abdominal aortic plexus

3. Esophageal plexus

4. Pancreatic plexus

1. Hypogastric plexus

2. Abdominal aortic plexus

3. Esophageal plexus

Autonomic reflexes enable the ANS to control what kinds of visceral functions? Check all that apply.

1. Smooth muscle contractions

2. Secretion by glands

3. Skeletal muscle contractions

4. Cardiac muscle contractions

1. Smooth muscle contractions

2. Secretion by glands

4. Cardiac muscle contractions

True or False: Muscarinic cholinergic receptors always produce a stimulatory or excitatory response.

False

Which division of the autonomic nervous system maintains homeostasis when we are at rest?

Parasympathetic

Which structures receive postganglionic axons from the ciliary ganglion? Check all that apply.

1. Ciliary muscle of the eye

2. Sphincter pupillae muscle of the iris

3. Submandibular and parotid salivary glands

4. Stomach and intestines

Check all that apply. Sympathetic postganglionic axons innervating the thoracic viscera extend from neuron cell bodies within the

1. Middle cervical ganglion

2. celiac ganglion

3. superior mesenteric ganglion

4. inferior cervical ganglion

1. Middle cervical ganglion

4. inferior cervical ganglion

Receptors that bind norepinephrine or epinephrine are called _________ receptors.

adrenergic

How does the urinary bladder respond to the micturition reflex?

Contraction of its wall

Select all of the changes that occur upon sympathetic stimulation.

1. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels to salivary glands, resulting in thick, viscous saliva

2. Contraction of smooth muscle in the GI tract wall

3. Relaxation of smooth muscle in the urinary bladder wall and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter

4. Stimulates the release of insulin from the pancreas

1. Vasoconstriction of blood vessels to salivary glands, resulting in thick, viscous saliva

3. Relaxation of smooth muscle in the urinary bladder wall and contraction of the internal urethral sphincter

Select all occur in a fight-or-flight situation.

1. Glycogenolysis and release of glucose from the liver

2. Vasoconstriction of coronary arteries surrounding the heart

3. Release of renin from the kidney, resulting in increased blood pressure

4. Constriction of air passageways within the lungs

1. Glycogenolysis and release of glucose from the liver

3. Release of renin from the kidney, resulting in increased blood pressure