Science 10 Chemical Reactions Module

Practice flashcards covering types of chemical reactions, historical theories of oxidation, evidences of chemical change, and chemical reactions in the built and natural environment.

Combination or Synthesis Reaction

A reaction when 2 or more reactants combine to form a single product, represented by the pattern $A + B \rightarrow AB$.

Decomposition Reaction

A reaction where a single reactant breaks down into simpler ones, which is the reverse of a combination reaction and represented by the pattern $AB \rightarrow A + B$.

Single Displacement or Replacement Reaction

A reaction where one element replaces another element from a compound, following the pattern $A + BC \rightarrow AC + B$.

Double Displacement Reaction

A reaction where the positive ions (cations) and negative ions (anions) of different compounds switch places to form two entirely different compounds, represented by $AB + CD \rightarrow AD + CB$.

Metathesis

Another name for a double displacement or ionic reaction.

Combustion Reaction

A reaction occurring when oxygen combines with a hydrocarbon to form carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) and water ($H_2O$).

Acid-Base Reaction

A special type of double displacement reaction where an acid and a base react to form water and a salt.

Reactants

The substances that start a chemical reaction.

Products

The substances that are produced as a result of a chemical reaction.

Chemical Equation

A representation showing symbols or formulas of reactants and products, their phases, and the ratio of substances as they react.

$$(aq)$$

The symbol used in chemical equations to indicate that a substance is aqueous or dissolved in water.

Catalyst

A substance or form of energy (such as heat, electricity, radiation, or enzymes) that can aid or bring about a decomposition reaction.

Phlogiston Theory

A theory stated by George Ernst Stahl which proposed that burning materials release a substance known as phlogiston.

Theory of Oxidation

A theory proposed by Antoine Lavoisier stating that burning materials react with oxygen instead of releasing a substance.

George Ernst Stahl

The scientist who proposed the Phlogiston Theory.

Antoine Lavoisier

The scientist who proposed the Theory of Oxidation and contradicted the phlogiston theory.

Fuel, Oxygen, and Heat

The three factors that must be present in proper conditions and proportions for burning to occur.

Production of Light

One of the five physical observations used as an indicator that a chemical reaction has occurred.

Evolution of Gas

A physical indicator of a chemical reaction often observed as bubbling or smoke.

Temperature Change

A physical indicator of a chemical reaction that can involve the release or absorption of heat.

Formation of Precipitate

The creation of a solid substance from a solution during a chemical reaction.

Intrinsic Properties

Properties such as color and odor whose change acts as evidence of a chemical reaction.

Reactivity Series

A ranking of elements in order of their reactivity used to predict if a single replacement reaction will occur.

Hydrocarbon

A compound containing only hydrogen and carbon, often involved in combustion reactions.

Salt

Any ionic compound formed from an acid-base reaction.

Acid

A substance that releases $H^+$ ions in an aqueous solution.

Base

A substance that releases $OH^-$ ions in an aqueous solution.

Photosynthesis

The process by which plants convert carbon dioxide and water into glucose and oxygen using sunlight: $CO_2 + H_2O + \text{sunlight} \rightarrow \text{glucose} + O_2$.

Cellular Respiration

The process that releases energy from food, powering biological processes using the reaction: $\text{Glucose} + O_2 \rightarrow CO_2 + H_2O + \text{energy}$.

Moisture

Acts as the electrolyte necessary for the electrochemical process of rusting or oxidation on metal roofs.

Salt ($NaCl$)

A significant catalyst in coastal environments that accelerates the natural corrosion process by increasing electron flow rate.

Acid Rain

Rain mixed with industrial pollutants like sulfur dioxide ($SO_2$) and nitrogen dioxide ($NO_2$) that accelerates the deterioration of buildings and ecosystems.

Chemical Weathering

The process where rocks are broken down through reactions with water, oxygen, and acids, forming soil and landscapes.

Corrosion

A process occurring when metals react with oxygen, water, or pollutants to form rust or other compounds, weakening structures.

Aluminum

A metal recommended for coastal construction because it does not rust like iron when exposed to salty air.

Galvalume

A protective coating made of zinc and aluminum used to block salt and acid rain from reaching steel.

Standing Seam design

A roof design that hides screws under panels to prevent them from being exposed to corrosive salty air.

Carbonic Acid

An acid formed by the reaction of carbon dioxide and water ($CO_2 + H_2O \rightarrow H_2CO_3$) that contributes to chemical weathering.

$$H_2O$$

The chemical formula for water.

$$NaCl$$

The chemical formula for table salt.

$$CO_2$$

The chemical formula for carbon dioxide.

$$Au$$

The chemical symbol for gold.

$$Fe$$

The chemical symbol for iron.

$$NaHCO_3$$

The chemical formula for baking soda.

$$C_6H_{12}O_6$$

The chemical formula for sugar (glucose).

$$Cu$$

The chemical symbol for copper.

$$C$$

The chemical symbol for carbon.

$$CH_3COOH$$

The chemical formula for vinegar (acetic acid).

Sulfur Dioxide ($SO_2$) and Nitrogen Dioxide ($NO_2$)

Industrial pollutants found in car exhaust and factory smoke that contribute to the formation of acid rain.

Anhydrous Salt

The solid salt produced when a hydrate is heated and loses its water molecules, such as $CuSO_4$ from $CuSO_4 \cdot 5H_2O$.