Chapter 2: Anatomy and Physiology

Anatomy

The study of human body structure that can be seen with the naked eye and how the body parts are organized and also the substance these structures are made of.

Physiology

The study of the function or activities performed by the body's function (including physical and chemical processes)

Histology (also known as microscopic anatomy)

The study of the structure and composition of tissue

Skin

External protective coating that covers the body and acts as barrier to protect body systems from the outside elements.

The largest organ of the body

Cells

The basic unit of all living things — from animals to plants to bacteria to human beings; minute mass of protoplasm capable of performing all the fundamental functions of life

How many cells are in the human body

There are trillions of cells in the human body

Cell membrane

A part of the cell that encloses the protoplasm and permits soluble substances to enter into the cell and leave out of cell

Solube

Capable of being dissolved or liquified

Protoplasm

A colorless, jelly-like substance found inside cells in which food elements such as proteins, fats, carbohydrates, mineral salts, and water are present

Organelles

Small structures or miniature organs within a cell that have their own function

Nucleus

The dense, active protoplasm found in the center of a eukaryotic cell that acts as the genetic control center

it plays an important role in cell reproduction and metabolism

In chemistry: the center of the atom, where protons and neutrons are located

Nucleoplasm

Fluid inside the nucleus of the cell that contains proteins and DNA

Ribosomes

Synthesize (makes) proteins in the cell and made by nucleolus

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA)

The blueprint material of genetic information; contains all the information that controls the function of every living cell

This is what determines our genetic makeup, including the color of our eyes, skin and hair

Lysosome

Sac-like structures containing digestive enzymes

Mitochondria

Cell structure that takes in nutrients, breaks them down and creates energy for the cell. The chemical energy used within the cell is ATP

Basically the mitochondria work is to keep the cells full of energy

ATP (adenosine triphosphate)

transports chemical energy within cells for metabolism

Centrosome

A small round body in the cytoplasm which affects the reproduction of the cell

Plays an important role in maintaining the characteristic of the original cell

Neurons (also known as nerve cell)

Cells that make up the nerves, brain and spinal cord and transmit nerve impulses

Mitosis

cells diving into two new cells (daughter cells); the usual process of cell reproduction of human tissues

Metabolism

(1) A chemical process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities

(2) The process of changing food into forms the body can use as energy

Metabolism consists of two parts: Anabolism and Catabolism

Anabolism

Constructive metabolism; the process of building up larger molecules from smaller ones

Catabolism

The phase of metabolism in which complex compounds within the cells are broken down into smaller ones

What is the percent of water blood is made up of?

83 percent water

What is the percent of water the muscle is made up of?

75 percent water

What is the water percent the human brain is made up of?

73 percent water

What is the water percent the bones are made of?

31 percent water

What is the water level for an average adult?

About 45 quarts of water

What is the water level in the adult male?

Slightly above 45 quarts

What is the average water level for female?

Slightly below 45 quarts

What is the average water level for infant?

About three fourth of water

Tissue

A collection of similar cells that perform a particular function

Connective tissue

Fibrous tissue that supports, protects and binds together other tissues in the body.

What are the examples of connective tissue?

Bone, cartilage, tendons, ligaments, fascia (separates muscles), blood and fat which is called adipose tissue

Adipose tissue

Collection of fat cells which gives smoothed and contour to the body; cushions and insulated the body

Epithelial tissue

A potective covering on body surfaces

What are the examples of epithelial tissue?

skin, mucous membranes, lining of heart, digestive, respiratory organs, and glands

Muscle tissue

tissues that contracts and moves the various parts of the body

Nerve tissue

Carries messages the nervous system to control and coordinate all bodily functions

Composed of special cells as neurons

Organs

Structures composed of specialized tissues designed to perform specific functions in plants and animals

Body systems (also known as systems)

Groups of body organs acting together to perform one or more functions

How many body system is the human body composed of?

11 major body systems

Integumentary system

the skin and its accessory organs such as the oil glands and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails

What does the word integument mean?

Natural covering

What is the function of the Integumentary System?

First line of defense against infection and water loss; regulates temperature, perceived sensation, produced vitamin D and has absorption capabilities

Organs: Skin, oil and sweat glands, sensory receptors, hair and nails (Has the largest organs in the body)

Why should an esthetician know about the Integumentary System?

As skin is the largest organ in the body, learning its functions and the work of the accessory organs is a critical component in a skin care therapist's success

What are the five accessory organs to the skin?

Sensory receptors, Hair, Nails, Oil glands and sweat glands

Skeletal System

Forms the physical foundation of the body

The body consists of the bones moveable and immoveable joints

Organs: Bones

Why should an esthetician know about the Skeletal System?

It is important for protecting your own body mechanics when working as well as knowing physical landmarks when providing treatments especially makeup application

Muscular System

Function: Covers, shapes and supports the skeletal tissue; also contracts and moves various parts of the body; consists of muscles

Organs: Muscles

Why should an Esthetician know about the Muscular System?

Important when doing massage and performing electrical treatments such as microcurrent

Also important to understand muscle movement to prevent repetition motion fatigue when you are performing treatments

Nervous System

Function: Carries massages through the central nervous system, controlling and coordinating all bodily functions

Organs: Brain, spinal cord and nerves

Why should an Esthetician know about the Nervous System?

Need to know the location of the facial nerves and their actions when performing treatments; nerves control the muscle movements of the face

Circulatory System

Controls the steady delivery of the blood through the body and works with the lymphatic channels

Organs: Heart with blood vessels

Why should an Esthetician know about the Circulatory System?

Circulatory issues are often contraindications and precautions to treatments; for example when performing back treatments, understand which direction to wrap is essential for a good outcome

Immune/Lymphatic System

Function: Protects the body from disease by developing resistance and destroying disease-causing toxins foreign material and bacteria

Organs: Spleen and lymph nodes

Why should an Esthetician know the Immune/Lymphatic System?

Many treatments require action from the lymphatic system, including performing lymphatic massage

Endocrine System

Affects growth, development, sexual activities, and normal regulatory processes of consorts of specialized glands

Organs: Adrenal gland, pituitary gland and pancreas

Why should an Esthetician know about the Endocrine System?

An understanding of this function will help when recognizing the need to refer to a client for a medical evaluation; ance breakouts, hair growth, and skin oiliness or dryness are a few

Reproductive system

Performs the function of producing children and passing on our genetics from one generation to another; differentiates between the sexes

Organs: Uterus, ovaries, penis and testes

Why should an Esthetician know about the Reproductive System?

The reproductive system and hormonal influences accompanying puberty, pregnancy, perimenopause, and menopause makes significant demand on the skin and require knowledge in order to provide a skin-care treatment

Respiratory System

Function: Enables breathing, supplies the body with oxygen and eliminates carbon dioxide as a waste product

Organs: Lungs, trachea, bronchial tubes, nose (nasal cavity), pharynx (throat) and larynx (voice box)

Why should Estheticians know about the Respiratory System?

Adequate oxygenation of the tissue allows optimum cell functioning; possibility of the respiratory spread of infection affects safety and cleanliness

Digestive System

Breaks down food into smaller and smaller particles to absorb nutrient or for excretion

Organs: Esophagus, stomach, gall bladder, liver, small intestines and large intestines

Why should Estheticians know about the Digestive System?

Good nutrition allows optimum functioning of all body systems

Excretory System

Refers to elimination of waster matter

Organs: Kidneys, bladder

Why should Estheticians know about the Excretory System?

Functions to eliminate toxic substances that can affect other body system functions

How many bones are in the adult skeleton?

206 bones

Osteology

The study of anatomy, structure, and function of the bones.

Tendons

Fibrous tissue that connects a muscles to a bone

Muscles are connected to bones by tendons

How are muscles connected to bones?

By tendons

Ligaments

Fibrous tissue that supports a bone to a joint.

Bones are connected to each other by ligaments

How are bones connected to each other?

By ligaments

What are the primary functions of the skeletal system?

1. Gives shape and support to the body

2. Protect various internal structures and organs (ex: rib cage, heart, etc,)

3. Serve as attachment for muscles and act as levers to produce body movements (this is why we are able to move)

4. Help produce both white and red blood cells (one of the functions is bone marrow)

5. Store most of the body’s calcium supply as well as phosphorus, magnesium and sodium

How many moveable and semi-moveable joints does the body have?

230 moveable and semi-moveable joints