A&P Exam 1

Epithelial Tissue and Connective Tissue

Define Organ

A group of two or more different tissues working together performing a specialized function

Afferent

Input

Efferent

Output

Set Point

Ideal Normal Range

Vasodilation

Increases blood flow

Vasoconstriction

Decreases blood flow

Pathology

The study of disease

Symptoms

Subjective changes

Signs

Objective changes

Prognosis

A prediction about the possible course or outcome from a specific disease

Contralateral

Opposite sides

Ipsilateral

Same side

Supine

Laying facing up in anatomical position

Midsagittal

Divided down the midline

Parasagittal

Divided off the midline

Oblique Plane AKA

Odd Plane

Body Cavities

Spaces that enclose organs

2 Major Cavities

Ventral and Dorsal body cavity

Parts of Thoracic Cavity

Pleural Cavity, Pericardial Cavity and the mediastinum

Mediastinum

Central region of the thoracic cavity between the pleural cavities

Serous Membrane

Partially or completely encloses ventral body cavity

Mesothelium

simple squamous epithelium that make up the serous membrane

Pleura

serous membrane that surrounds the pleural cavities

Pericardium

Serous membrane that surrounds the pericardial cavity

-itis

usually means inflammation of

Peritoneum

Serous membrane that surrounds the peritoneal cavity

Retroperitoneal Organs

Pancreas and Kidneys

Infraperitoneal Organs

Urinary Bladder

Inguinal AKA

Iliac

Right Upper Abdominopelvic Region

Right Hypochondriac Region

Right Middle Abdominopelvic Region

Right Lumbar Region

Right Lower Abdominopelvic Region

Right Inguinal Region

Upper Middle Abdominopelvic Region

Epigastric Region

Center Abdominopelvic Region

Umbilical Region

Lower Middle Abdominopelvic Region

Hypogastric (Pubic) Region

Left Upper Abdominopelvic Region

Left Hypochondriac Region

Left Middle Abdominopelvic Region

Left Lumbar Region

Left Lower Abdominopelvic Region

Left Inguinal Region

Meninges

The membranes that surround the dorsal body cavity

Disease

Malfunction of organs or organs systems resulting in failure of homeostatic mechanisms characterized by a set of signs and symptoms

Disorder

Any abnormalities of structure of function

Acute

A disease of short duration but typically severe

Chronic

Illness persisting for a long time or constantly occurring

Etiology

Science and study of the cause of disease

Idiopathic

Any disease or condition of unknown cause

Prognosis

A prediction about the possible course or outcome from a specific disease

Tight Junction

connections between the plasma membrane proteins of neighboring cells that prevent diffusion of fluids and solutes

Cytoskeleton Composition

Microfilaments, Intermediate filaments, and Microtubules

Microfilaments Composition

Action

Intermediate Filaments Composition

Keratin

Adherens Junctions

Composed of adhesion belt terminal web and cadherins that helps resist separation

Plaque

A dense layer of protiens that attaches to actin and cadherin

Microvili

Made up of actin

Adhesion Belt Compositon

Plaque

Desmosomes

Composed of plaque, keratin, and cadherin that allow for stretching and twisting

Neuroepithelia

Specialized epithelia that function as receptors for special senses

Basement Membrane Composition

Basal Lamina and Reticular Lamina

Tissue Deep to Basement Membrane

Areolar Connective Tissue

Epithelial Stem Cells

Germinative (Basale) Cells

Mesothelium (Simple Squamous Epithelium)

Lining of ventral body cavities

Endothelium (Simple Squamous Epithelium)

Lines chambers of heart and blood vessels

Merocrine Secretion

Most common mode of secretion where cells secrete through exocytosis

Merocrine Secretion Example

Sweat glands (merocrine sweat)

Apocrine Secretion

Released by shedding of the apical surface of cytoplasm

Apocrine Secretion Example

Mammary Glands

Holocrine Secretion

Entire cell becomes packed then bursts

Holocrine Secretion Example

Sebaceous Glands (Oil Glands)

Compounded Ducts are

Always Branched

Goblet Cells

Are the only unicellular exocrine glands

Merocrine Sweat Gland Shape

Simple Coiled Tubular

Sebaceous (Oil) Gland Shape

Simple Branched Alveolar (Acinar)

Mammary Gland Shape

Compound Alveolar(Acinar)

Salivary Gland Shape

Compound Tubuloalveolar(Tubuloacinar)

All Connective Tissue Share These Basic Components

Specialized Cells and Extracellular Matrix

Extracellular Matrix is made up of

Ground Substance, Connective Tissue Fibers and Extracellular Adhesion Molecules

Connective Tissue that has Limited Vascularity

Tendons and Ligaments

Mesenchyme (Mesenchymal) Cells

Connective Tissue Stem Cellsthat can differentiate into various types of connective tissues, playing a crucial role in tissue repair and regeneration.

Connective Tissue Proper Cell (Most abundant)

Fibroblast

Cartilage Cell

Chondrocyte

Bone Cell

Osteoblast

Blood Cell

Hematopoietic Stem Cell (Hemocytoblast)

Histamine

Inflammatory Agent

Heparin

Anti-coagulant

Mast Cells

Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection

Ground Substance Composition

Extracellular Fluid, Proteoglycans and Hyaluronic Acids

Connective Tissue Fibers

Collagen, Elastic and Reticular Fibers

Extracellular Adhesion Molecules (attach Connective Tissue Cells to Connective Tissue Fibers)

Fibronectin, Osteonectin and Chondronectin

Functions of Extracellular Matrix

Support, Movement, Adhesion and Regulation

Chondoitin

Glycosaminoglycans

Collagen Fibers Characteristics (Strongest)

Long Straight and Unbranched

Reticular Fibers (continuous with collagen fibers)

Fine collagenous fibers that branch extensively and form stroma supporting network for organs

Elastic Fibers (Branched and Wavy)

Small and elastic, composed of elastin and fibrillin (glycoprotein)

Fluid Connective Tissue

Blood and Lymph

Connective Tissue Proper

Loose Connective Tissue and Dense Connective Tissue

Supporting Connective Tissue

Cartilage and Bone

Loose Connective Tissue

Areolar, Adipose and Reticular

Dense Connective Tissue

Dense Regular and Dense Irregular

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Dense Regular Collagenous and Dense Regular Elastic

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Dense Irregular Collagenous and Dense Irregular Elastic

Cartilage

Hyaline Cartilage, Elastic Cartilage and Fibrocartilage