AP WORLD PRACTICE Qs

Origins of majority of human existence in North America

Migrations from Eurasia over the Bering Strait.

Estimated time of human migration over the Bering Strait

Approximately 11,000 years ago.

First truly complex society in the Americas

The Olmec.

Key technology absent in early Central and South American civilizations

The use of wheeled vehicles.

Principal occupation of pre-Columbian peoples in the Pacific Northwest

Salmon fishing.

Agricultural adaptation of pre-Columbian Southwest peoples

Building large irrigation systems for farming.

Primary economic activity of most Great Plains pre-Columbian societies

Sedentary farming.

Resource condition of the eastern third of the US prior to European contact

Had the most abundant food resources on the continent.

Present-day city near the ancient trading center of Cahokia

St. Louis.

Characterization of Northeast pre-Columbian agricultural practices

Rapid exploitation of the land.

Common link among many pre-Columbian tribes east of the Mississippi

Common linguistic roots.

Central focus of Native American religious beliefs

The natural world.

Universal role of women across pre-Columbian North American tribes

Caring for children and preparing meals.

European knowledge of the Americas prior to the 15th century

Entirely unaware of the existence of the Americas.

Factor spurring European desire for new lands in the late 15th century

Significant population growth.

Preeminent European maritime power in the 15th century

Portugal.

Christopher Columbus's misconception about world geography

He believed the world was much smaller than it actually is.

Geographic mistake made by Columbus on his first voyage (1492)

He mistook Cuba for China.

Reason Columbus called native peoples 'Indians'

He believed they came from the East Indies in the Pacific.

Columbus's conclusion following his third voyage in 1498

He had encountered a continent separate from Asia.

Historical significance of Amerigo Vespucci

Helped spread recognition that the Americas were new continents.

First known European to look westward upon the Pacific Ocean (1513)

Vasco de Balboa.

European explorer who named the Pacific Ocean

Ferdinand Magellan.

Major factor enabling Cortés's conquest of the Aztecs in 1518

Aztec exposure to smallpox.

Primary interest of early Spanish settlers in the New World

Extracting mineral wealth (gold/silver), not farming.

Definition of Spanish encomienda

A license to exact tribute and labor from native populations.

First permanent Spanish settlement in what is now the US

St. Augustine.

Trigger of the 1680 Pueblo Revolt against Spanish settlers

Spanish efforts to suppress Indian religious rituals.

Spanish policy change toward Pueblo Indians in the 18th century

Tolerated religious rituals, permitted land ownership, stopped forced labor.

Primary cause of New World native population decline post-contact

European diseases.

European trade benefit from the Columbian Exchange

Introduction of a large number of new crops to Europe.

New World crop NOT introduced by Europeans

Corn (maize).

Demographic status of mestizos in Spanish colonial society

Came to make up the largest segment of the population.

Nature of African immigration to the Americas (1500-1800)

Over half of all immigrants; almost all came involuntarily.

Economic and political state of Africa at start of slave trade

Possessed well-developed economies and political systems.

Definition of matrilineal society in African and Native American cultures

Heredity and property were traced through the mother's line.

Status of slavery in 15th-century West Africa

Generally allowed certain legal protections for the enslaved.

Chronological order of European control of the African slave trade

1. Portuguese 2. Dutch 3. English.

Socioeconomic condition in 16th-century England driving colonization

Declining farmland availability alongside population growth.

Core premise of mercantilism regarding global wealth

World wealth is finite; exporting is better than importing.

Key commodity driving 16th-century English mercantilist trade

Wool.

Influence of Martin Luther and John Calvin on English Puritans

Advocated ideas of religious reform that shaped Puritan thought.

Behavioral impact of John Calvin's doctrine of predestination

Motivated followers to lead strictly virtuous lives.

Primary cause of the English Reformation

A political dispute between King Henry VIII and the Catholic Church.

Event escalating English Puritan discontent in the early 17th century

The death of Queen Elizabeth I.

England's first experience with colonization

Ireland.

English takeaway from colonial experiences in Ireland

Maintain rigid separation from indigenous populations.

Key feature distinguishing French colonization from English colonization

French lived among natives and intermarried, rather than separating.

First permanent English settlement in the New World

Jamestown.

Major impact of England's defeat of the Spanish Armada (1588)

England gained freer movement and control across the seas.

Name origin of the colony of Virginia

Named in honor of Queen Elizabeth I (the 'Virgin Queen').

Historical consensus on the failure of the Roanoke colony

The exact cause remains historically inconclusive.

Complexity of pre-Columbian Native American civilizations north of Mexico

Less elaborate than civilizations to the south.

Social and economic role of Iroquois women

Controlled settlement organization and held powerful family roles.

Pre-contact Native American population estimate in present-day US

Significantly less than 50 million.

Impact of European diseases on native tribes

Virtually exterminated many tribes.

European awareness of Leif Eriksson's discoveries by the 15th century

Not common knowledge.

Focus of 15th-century Portuguese ocean exploration

Sailing around Africa to reach the Orient.

Christopher Columbus's early seafaring career

Spent in the service of the Portuguese.

Columbus's impression of his location on his first voyage

Believed he had reached China/Asia.

Northernmost extent of Spanish Pacific exploration by 1550

As far north as Oregon.

Primary success of early Spanish settlers in America

Finding gold and silver rather than establishing plantations.

Output of 16th-century Spanish mines in America

Yielded 10 times more gold/silver than rest of world combined.

Pueblo religious practices after Christian conversion

Continued to practice native religious rituals.

17th-century Spanish assimilation policy toward Native Americans

Continued efforts to assimilate indigenous peoples.

Impact of Columbian biological exchange on European life

Profoundly changed European agriculture, diet, and demographic growth.

16th-century European vs Native American smallpox immunity

Europeans possessed significantly greater immunity.

Prevalence of sexual contact between Spanish men and Native women

Widespread, leading to a large mestizo population.

Spanish colonial labor systems for Native Americans

Enslaved them or forced them into fixed-period labor systems.

Origin of cattle, sheep, and sugar in the Americas

Introduced from Europe to the New World.

Lineage structure of traditional West African families

Matrilineal, tracing descent through the mother.

Status of internal African slave trade prior to European contact

Well established before European demand arose.

Demographic and food conditions in 16th-century England

Rising population and growing pressure on food supply.

Mercantilist doctrine regarding global wealth

Believed total global wealth was finite.

Psychological and behavioral effect of Calvinist doctrine

Led followers to live anxious, highly productive lives.

Role of Puritans in early English colonizing efforts

Were not the first English colonizers.

Effect of the Roanoke failure on English colonization interest

Did not permanently eliminate the desire to colonize.

Major pre-Columbian trading center near present-day St. Louis

Cahokia

First European nation to sponsor ocean travel to the Orient

Portugal

First European explorer to see the Pacific Ocean from the Americas

Vasco de Balboa

South American territory excluded from Spanish Empire claims

Brazil

First permanent European settlement in the modern United States

St. Augustine

Spanish colonial grants permitting native labor and tribute extraction

Encomiendas

Caribbean island where Columbus established his first settlement

Hispaniola

Spanish colonial term for individuals of mixed European and Native ancestry

Mestizos

Genoese explorer who spearheaded England's 1497 Atlantic voyage

John Cabot

Economic theorists who viewed world wealth as a fixed total

Mercantilists

Core theological concept introduced by John Calvin

Predestination

Term for the most uncompromising faction of English Puritans

Separatists

English royal dynasty ending with Queen Elizabeth I

Tudors

Testing ground for England's initial subjugation and colonial methods

Ireland

Inscription found carved on a post at the abandoned Roanoke colony

Croatoan

First permanent English settlement established in North America (1607)

Jamestown

Spanish monarch who dispatched the Armada against England in 1588

King Philip II

English colonizer lost at sea during a 1583 expedition

Humphrey Gilbert