PAPER 3 - Latin America - ALL of Julie's Sets

In 1980, the _________________ began in El Salvador.

Civil War

_________ was formed when 5 of the main guerilla groups united to fight the military government.

FMLN; Farabundo Martí Liberation Front

The ______________________ wiped out entire villages believed to be aiding the guerilla efforts.

military death squads

Some of the guerillas' tactics included blowing up bridges, cutting power lines, destroying coffee plantations, and anything else that would damage the ____________________ that supported the government.

economy

_____________________ , the former leader of Cuba, was given some credit for unifying the FMLN.

Fidel Castro

ORDEN

An anti-guerilla paramilitary organization that coordinated and trained death squads and intimidations, led by Colonel Jose Alberto Medrano

KISSSS

Keep it simple, sustainable, small and Salvadoran; US principles on dealing with leftist guerillas in El Salvador in the 1980s

Central American Common Market (CACM)

Created in the 1960s to establish regional protective tariffs to protest ISI manufacturing, but did not flourish

land tenure problem

2% of the population owned 60% of the land; main cash crop was coffee

The Fourteen Families

small oligarchic group that controlled the majority of the land in El Salvador

Farabundo Martí

an intellectual from a landowning family who became focused on Marxist ideas and began organizing starving Salvadoran peasants in 1932; was caught and executed during the peasant uprising

Ronald Reagan

US president who felt that the total destruction of Marxist guerrillas was the only way to end civil war in El Salvador; his policy became inextricably mixed with his policy in Nicaragua and the Contra scandal.

United Nations (UN)

brokered a deal between the corrupt Salvadoran military and the guerillas to lay down arms and work toward peace. Respect for human rights and land reform were promised.

Consequences of Salvadoran Civil War

Death of 75,000 Salvadoran and foreigners (mostly priests and churchwomen); 80% of the country remains below the poverty line.

maras

gangs formed by young gang members from Salvadoran refugee communities in southern California; have made current conditions increasingly violent

ladinos

term used in Central America to denominate a person of Spanish and indigenous ancestry and culture

farmland

the only resource that El Salvador possesses

Revolutionary leftist groups

believed that violence and guerilla warfare was the only way forward for El Salvador; all had different variations on Marxist ideology

75,000 Salvadoran deaths

tragic consequence of the civil war in El Salvador

Imports Substitution Industrialization

Economic program implemented by many Latin American countries 1930-1970 to develop national manufacturing and industry to avoid dependency on developed countries for their products.

Gustavo Gutiérrez

Born in a slum in Lima and asked what Christian theology has to say to people living in poverty.

Conference of Latin American Bishops (CELAM I)

Held in Medellin Colombia (1968). Gutierrez was important in pronouncing that the Church needed to be more engaged in liberating the poor from their condition. The Vatican was opposed to these proclamations.

Criticism of Liberation Theology

There seems to be no room and no need for God in LT.

defense of liberation theology

It is reasonable that theology should adapt as society does, modern people want to understand God in their context.

comunidades de base

faith-based communities that began organizing to actively seek solutions to endemic poverty.

El Salvador

First place in Central America were LT was tried, but it split bishops and clergy into conservative and liberal camps.

Archbishop Oscar Romero

He was assassinated while officiating mass on March 24. 1980.

Conference of Latin American Bishops (CELAM II)

Held in Puebla, Mexico in 1979; blamed poverty on multinational corporation who charged high prices and condemned violence from Marxists, capitalists, and rightists;

Leonardo Boff

Brazilian Franciscan priest who focused on the poor and the Church's commitment to the community. He denounced the military dictatorship's persecution of the clergy who were fighting for social justice.

censure

to express severe disapproval, especially in a formal statement

Sandinistas

Name given to members of the Nicaraguan guerilla group, FSLN, who defeated the dictator Anastasio Somoza in 1970 and took over the government.

Ernesto Cardenal

NIcaraguan priest who actively resisted the Somoza dictatorship and joined the Sandinistas

Archbishop Miguel Obando y Bravo

objected strongly to the mixing of Marxist ideology and Christian values

Liberation Theology today

Remains a strong part of the Church's mission to eradicate poverty in the work, but after 1989 (end of Cold War) it became much less political.

Pope John Paul II

Visited Nicaragua in 1983 and reprimanded Ernesto Cardenal for not following the Vatican's order for priests to refrain from getting involved in politics.

Gustavo Gutiérrez

Born in a slum in Lima and asked what Christian theology has to say to people living in poverty, how can they understand God's love for them. Liberation theology is a response to poverty and inequality and is 'intended as a theology of salvation.'

Marxist influence

Any condition that alienates humans from their own nature, which God made for them, should be removed. Any laws that interfere with God's intentions for free humanity are invalid.

Conference of Latin American Bishops (CELAM I)

Held in Medellin Colombia (1968). Gutierrez was important in pronouncing that the Church needed to be more engaged in liberating the poor from their condition. The Vatican was opposed to these proclamations.

Criticism of Liberation Theology

There seems to be no room and no need for God in LT. 'the God who is emerging with modern self-consciousness, especially within the movement of liberation, is simply not God the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.'

defense of liberation theology

It is reasonable that theology should adapt as society does, modern people want to understand God in their context. Theology should not be held back by tradition, tradition should adapt to developing societies.

OP

means Order of Preachers

comunidades de base

faith-based communities that began organizing to actively seek solutions to endemic poverty.

El Salvador

First place in Central America were LT was tried, but it split the Salvadoran bishops and clergy into conservative and liberal camps.

Archbishop Oscar Romero

Demanded a stop to human rights in El Salvador by asking the international community to intervene; was assassinated while officiating mass on March 24. 1980.

Conference of Latin American Bishops (CELAM II)

Held in Puebla, Mexico in 1979; blamed poverty on multinational corporation who charged high prices and condemned violence from Marxists, capitalists, and rightists; did not want the Church to by engaged politically

Leonardo Boff

Brazilian Franciscan priest who focused on the poor and the Church's commitment to the community. He denounced the military dictatorship's persecution of the clergy who were fighting for social justice. He was censured by the Vatican and eventually resigned from the Franciscan order.

censure

to express severe disapproval, especially in a formal statement

How the US and other nations viewed LT

Seen as an ideology infused in communism and therefore dangerous to the status quo

Sandinistas

Name given to members of the Nicaraguan guerilla group, FSLN, who defeated the dictator Anastasio Somoza in 1970 and took over the government; were directly impacted by Liberation Theology.

Ernesto Cardenal

NIcaraguan priest who actively resisted the Somoza dictatorship and joined the Sandinistas

Archbishop Miguel Obando y Bravo

objected strongly to the mixing of Marxist ideology and Christian values

Liberation Theology today

Remains a strong part of the Church's mission to eradicate poverty in the work, but after 1989 (end of Cold War) it became much less political.

Pope John Paul II

Visited Nicaragua in 1983 and reprimanded Ernesto Cardenal for not following the Vatican's order for priests to refrain from getting involved in politics.

Gustavo Gutiérrez

Born in a slum in Lima, he asked what Christian theology has to say to people living in poverty and how can they understand God's love for them. He said that Liberation theology is a response to poverty and inequality and is 'intended as a theology of salvation.'

praxis and scripture

Jesus could be seen as a political activist and killed by political forces; politics is important to Christian theology. We need to follow Jesus' example and continue to fight the political oppressor (state in South America). Jesus spoke of prioritizing the poor in a society rife with inequality.

Marxist influence

Any condition that alienates humans from their own nature, which God made for them, should be removed. Any laws that interfere with God's intentions for free humanity are invalid.

Preferential option of the poor

God sides with the poor and oppressed in their struggle for justice and freedom through liberation. It does not mean that God loves the poor more than the rich. God exposed particular love to those who have been excluded tom the banquet of life but his love is universal. God is omnibenevolent.

Conference of Latin American Bishops (CELAM I)

Held in Medellin Colombia (1968). Important in pronouncing that the Church needed to be more engaged in liberating the poor from their condition. The Vatican was opposed to these proclamations.

Criticism of Liberation Theology

There seems to be no room and no need for God in Liberation Theology. 'the God who is emerging with modern self-consciousness, especially within the movement of liberation, is simply not God the Father of our Lord Jesus Christ.' It was also associated with communism.

Defense of liberation theology

It is reasonable that theology should adapt as society does, modern people want to understand God in their context. Theology should not be held back by tradition, tradition should adapt to developing societies.

OP

means Order of Preachers

comunidades de base

faith-based communities that began organizing to actively seek solutions to endemic poverty.

El Salvador

First place in Central America were Liberation Theology was tried, but it split the Salvadoran bishops and clergy into conservative and liberal camps.

Archbishop Oscar Romero

Demanded a stop to human rights violations in El Salvador by asking the international community to intervene; was assassinated while officiating mass on March 24. 1980.

Conference of Latin American Bishops (CELAM II)

Held in Puebla, Mexico in 1979; blamed poverty on multinational corporations who charged high prices and officially condemned violence from Marxists, capitalists, and rightists; did not want the Church to by engaged politically

Leonardo Boff

Brazilian Franciscan priest who focused on the poor and the Church's commitment to the community. He denounced the military dictatorship's persecution of the clergy who were fighting for social justice. He was censured by the Vatican and eventually resigned from the Franciscan order.

censure

to express severe disapproval, especially in a formal statement

How the US and other nations viewed Liberation Theology

Seen as an ideology infused in communism and therefore dangerous to the status quo

Sandinistas

Name given to members of the Nicaraguan guerilla group, FSLN, who defeated the dictator Anastasio Somoza in 1970 and took over the government; were directly impacted by Liberation Theology.

Ernesto Cardenal

NIcaraguan priest who actively resisted the Somoza dictatorship and joined the Sandinistas

Archbishop Miguel Obando y Bravo

objected strongly to the mixing of Marxist ideology and Christian values

Liberation Theology today

Remains a strong part of the Church's mission to eradicate poverty in the work, but after 1989 (end of Cold War) it became much less political.

Pope John Paul II

Visited Nicaragua in 1983 and reprimanded Ernesto Cardenal for not following the Vatican's order for priests to refrain from getting involved in politics.

Import Substitution Industrialization

An economic system aimed at building a country's industry by restricting foreign trade.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

An international organization that acts as a lender of last resort, providing loans to troubled nations, and also works to promote trade through financial cooperation

Leftist

Someone who seeks radical social and economic change in the direction of greater equality for the workers.

Rightist

A member of a conservative party who disagreed with or opposed the Communist Party.

polarization

the presence of increasingly conflicting and divided viewpoints between political parties

social malaise

A situation in which there are widespread social problems, as well as wide spread cynicism, despair and anxiety.

capitalism (free enterprise)

an economic system in which individuals own and operate the majority of businesses that provide goods and services

socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

communism

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

Christian Democratic Parties

Political parties that tried to become the "party of the middle", by taking a moderate course with some social reforms but maintaining the values of capitalism and free enterprise (had limited success in L.A.)

Import Substitution Industrialization

An economic system aimed at building a country's industry by restricting foreign trade. It was especially popular in Latin American countries such as Chile,Mexico, Argentina, and Brazil in the mid-twentieth century.

International Monetary Fund (IMF)

an international organization that acts as a lender of last resort, providing loans to troubled nations, and also works to promote trade through financial cooperation

Leftist

someone who seeks radical social and economic change in the direction of greater equality

Rightist

A member of a conservative party who disagreed with or opposed the Communist Party.

John F. Kennedy

US president during part of the cold war and especially during the superpower rivalry and the cuban missile crisis. 1961-1963

USAID (US Agency for International Development)

Provides aid to foreign countries to promote health, economic growth, & democratic reforms

polarization

the presence of increasingly conflicting and divided viewpoints between political parties

Social malaise

A situation in which there are widespread social problems, as well as wide spread cynicism, despair and anxiety.

capitalism (free enterprise)

an economic system in which individuals own and operate the majority of businesses that provide goods and services

Socialism

A system in which society, usually in the form of the government, owns and controls the means of production.

Communism

a political theory derived from Karl Marx, advocating class war and leading to a society in which all property is publicly owned and each person works and is paid according to their abilities and needs.

military coup

when elements in a country's armed forces overthrow a democratically elected civilian government