Human Anatomy and Physiology 1 Lecture 2 Exam Study Guide

Connective Tissue

Tissue type composed largely of nonliving extracellular matrix; important in protection and support

Muscle Tissue

Composed of cells that have the special ability to shorten or contract in order to produce movement of the body parts

Nervous Tissue

Found in the brain, spinal cord, and nerves. Responsible for coordinating and controlling many body activities. Stimulates muscle contraction, creates an awareness of the environment, and plays a major role in emotions, memory, and reasoning.

Epithelium Tissue

A thin, continuous, protective layer of compactly packed cells with a little intercellular matrix. Line the outer surfaces of organs and blood vessels throughout the body,, as well as the inner surfaces of cavities in many internal organs

An epithelium that has several layers, with an apical layer of flattened cells, is called

Stratified and Squamous

The gland type that secretes products such as milk, saliva, bile, or sweat through a duct is

An exocrine gland

Scar tissue is a variety of

Connective Tissue

The primary cell type in connective tissue proper

Fibroblast

The primary cell type in cartilage

Chondroblast

The primary cell type in bone

Osteoblast

The two major components of the extracellular matrix

Ground Substance (subclass: interstitial fluid, proteoglycans, and glycosaminoglycans) and Fibers (subclass: collagen, elastic, reticular)

Forming the soft packing around organs

Areolar

Supporting the ear pinna

Elastic Cartilage

Forming "stretchy" ligaments

Elastic Connective Tissue

Forming the intervertebral discs

Fibrocartilage

Covering the ends of bones at joint surfaces

Hyaline Cartilage

Main component of subcutaneous tissue

Areolar Connective Tissue

The mode of secretion of exocrine glands?

Merocrine Glands are not altered by the secretory process

The first step in tissue repair involves ________.

inflammation

What tissue has lacunae, calcium salts, and blood vessels?

Bone (osseous tissue)

The most importance to goblet cells and other glandular epithelia

Golgi apparatus

Modification of the simple columnar epithelium that allows for efficient absorption along portions of the digestive tract

Dense Microvilli

Three characteristic components of Connective Tissue

Cells, large amounts of amorphous ground substance, and protein fibers

Four characteristic components of Muscle Tissue

Excitability, contractibility, extensibility, and elasticity

Characteristics of the Nervous Tissue

Comprises of neurons and neuroglia. Neurons are specialized cells that help in the communication of signals and stimuli. Neuroglia helps the neuronal functions, protection of neurons, and neuronal nourishment. Is present in the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

Characteristics of the Epithelium Tissue

Has only one cell layer where every cell is in direct contact with the underlying basement membrane. Polarized distribution of organelles and membrane-bound proteins between their basal and apical surfaces

What happens to Proteins following ingestion

Hydrochloric acid and enzymes called proteases break down into smaller chains of amino acids

What happens to Fats following ingestion

Fatty acids are passed through the lymph system and then throughout the body via your blood stream to be used or stored for energy, cell repair, and growth. The lymph system also absorbs fatty acids to help fight infection

What happens to Carbohydrates following ingestion

Digestion begins in the mouth, where salivary amylase starts the breakdown, then after breaking down throughout the digestive system, monosaccharides are absorbed into the blood stream. The blood sugar levels increase, stimulating the pancreas to secrete insulin

What are the characteristics of Proteins

Glass transition temperature, melting point, isoelectric point, molecular weight, secondary structure, solubility, surface hydrophobicity, and emulsification

What foods are in the Protein Group

Meat, poultry, seafood, beans, peas, eggs, soy products, nuts, and seeds

What are the characteristics of Saturated Fats

Solid at room temperature, do not spoil very quickly, and have high melting points

What foods are in the Saturated Fats Group

Butter, cakes, biscuits, fatty cuts of meats, cheese, bacon

What are the characteristics of Unsaturated Fats

Are liquid at room temperature, spoil relatively quickly, and have low melting points

What foods are in the Unsaturated Fats Group

Avocados, olives, peanut butter, fatty fish, nuts, seeds

What are the characteristics of Carbohydrates

contain only the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, and their combustion will yield carbon dioxide plus one or more molecules of water

What foods are in the Carbohydrates Group

Bread, beans, milk, popcorn, potatoes, cookies, soft drinks, corn

The three states of the body in regard to food are

absorptive (fed), post absorptive (fasting), and starvation

What hormones are prominent in the Absorptive State

Insulin

What hormones are prominent in the Post absorptive State

Glucagon

What hormones are prominent in the Starvation State

Ghrelin

Cellular Respiration

The process in which cells make ATP by breaking down organic compounds, 38 ATP Molecules, takes place in the cytoplasm and mitochondria of each cell of the body. Glycolysis occurs inside the cytoplasm, while the TCA cycle occurs inside the matrix of the mitochondria

Oxidative Respiration

This the fourth step of cellular respiration and produces most of the energy in cellular respiration. There are 30-32 ATP molecules that are generated from the electron transport chain. Glucose oxidizes and releases energy in the human body. This occurs in the mitochondria. It is linked to the processes of the electron transport chain

Describe the effects of Leptin

Decreases body mass and food intake and suppresses hunger. It controls body fat by decreasing triglycerides and decreasing total fat mass as it increases HDL

Describe the effects of Insulin

Causes sugar (glucose) to go from the blood into our body's cells to make fat, sugar, and protein after we eat. In the liver, it helps promote the transport of glucose from the blood into hepatocytes, where it is further converted to glycogen, fatty acids, and triglycerides. In the skeletal muscles, it facilitates the uptake of glucose and amino acids from the bloodstream

What is Glycolysis

A process in which glucose (sugar) is partially broken down by cells in enzyme reactions that do not need oxygen. It produces two molecules of pyruvate, ATP, NADH, and water. It takes place in the cytoplasm of a cell and does not require oxygen; occurs in both aerobic and anaerobic organisms

What is Anabolism

The building of complex molecules from numerous simple ones.

What is Catabolism

The breakdown of complex molecules into numerous simple ones

What are the USDA My Plate guidelines for all groups

Green is for veggies, red for fruits, orange for grains, purple for protein, and blue for dairy. Vegetables 2.5 to 3 cups, Fruits 1.5 to 2 cups, Whole grains about a half a cup, Poultry, fish or meant 5 to 6 ounces, Dairy such as milk or yogurt three cups, Healthy oils 1 to 2 tablespoons

Exocrine Glands

Secrete their substances through ducts onto your body's surfaces

Endocrine Glands

Secrete their substances directly into your bloodstream, called ductless glands, and are part of the endocrine system and secrete hormones

What is Lipolysis and where is it located

Occurs in all tissues and cell types, it is most abundant in white and brown adipose tissue. It is the process of breaking down lipids. Is used to mobilize the stored energy for use by cells

What is Lipogenesis and where is it located

Encompasses the processes of fatty acid synthesis and subsequent triglyceride synthesis, and takes place in both liver and adipose tissue

What is Ketogenesis and where is it located

Occurs primarily in the mitochondria of liver cells. The formation of ketone bodies is an alternative catabolic pathway for active acetates

What is Glycogenesis and where is it located

The process of glycogen synthesis, in which glucose molecules are added to chains of glycogen for storage. This process is activated during rest periods following the Cori cycle in the liver and is also activated by insulin in response to high glucose levels

What is Beta Oxidation and where is it located

It is the oxidation of fatty acids to form acetyl-CoA. Fatty acids will be broken down into acetyl-coA while producing NADH and FADH2 for each 2 carbons it has in the chain. Occurs in both prokaryotes and eukaryotes. In prokaryotes, fatty acids are broken down in the cytosol. IN eukaryotes, it occurs in both mitochondria and peroxisomes

What is Gluconeogenesis and where is it located

Occurs in the liver and kidneys. Supplies the needs for plasma glucose between meals. Is stimulated by the diabetogenic hormones (glucagon, growth hormone, epinephrine, and cortisol)

What is Hyaline Cartilage and it's characteristics

A type of connective tissue, glossy pearl-gray or blue-whit in appearance and resilient, found on surfaces of joints and in the cartilage making up the fetal skeleton

What is Fibrocartilage and it's characteristics

Is a transition tissue that should be viewed as a blend between hyaline cartilage and dense fibrous connective tissue. It is white, densely arranged, opaque, tufted tissue with a mixture of both chondrocytes and fibroblasts. Is found in the meniscus of the knee, in the disk between the vertebrae in the spine. Supports muscles, tendons, and ligaments throughout the body

What is Elastic Cartilage and it's characteristics

Is the most flexible cartilage. Supports parts of your body that need to bend and move to function. Can bounce back its original shape, even after a strong force. It makes up the external ear, the auditory tube of the middle ear, and the epiglottis

Epithelial Simple Squamous

simple cuboidal epithelium

Cardiac

Transitional

Skeletal

Chemical energy (high-energy electrons)