LAB - L1:T3-T4 (FDA PREG. CATEG. / ROUTES OF D.A.)

What is the oral route of drug administration?

Giving a drug by mouth, which is easily self-administered but has a complicated absorption pathway.

What is the first pass metabolism?

The process where drugs absorbed from the GI tract enter the portal circulation and encounter the liver before general circulation.

List one advantage of the oral route of drug administration.

Safe and convenient.

What is a major disadvantage of the oral route?

Slow onset and the first pass effect.

What is the sublingual route of drug administration?

A method where a tablet or pellet is placed under the tongue or crushed in the mouth for rapid absorption.

What is one advantage of the sublingual route?

Quick onset of action and bypasses first pass effect.

What is a disadvantage of the sublingual route?

Distasteful drugs cannot be given and high molecular weight drugs are not well absorbed.

What is the rectal route of drug administration?

Drugs administered rectally as a suppository mixed with a waxy substance that dissolves in the rectum.

List one advantage of the rectal route.

Useful in patients with nausea or vomiting.

What is a disadvantage of the rectal route?

Absorption is unreliable and it can be inconvenient.

What is the intravenous route of drug administration?

A method where drugs are injected directly into the bloodstream.

What is one advantage of the intravenous route?

Quick onset and bypasses first pass effect.

List one disadvantage of the intravenous route.

Requires aseptic conditions and can be painful.

What is the intramuscular route of drug administration?

A method where drugs are injected into a muscle.

What is one advantage of the intramuscular route?

Absorption is more predictable and rapid compared to oral.

What is a disadvantage of the intramuscular route?

Painful and large volumes cannot be given.

What is the inhalation route of drug administration?

A method where drugs are administered through the respiratory tract.

List one advantage of the inhalation route.

Fast absorption and quick onset.

What is a disadvantage of the inhalation route?

Can cause bronchial irritation.

What are FDA Pregnancy Category A drugs?

Drugs with adequate studies in pregnant women showing no risk to the fetus in the first trimester.

What are FDA Pregnancy Category B drugs?

Drugs with no adequate studies in pregnant women but animal studies show no risk.

What are FDA Pregnancy Category C drugs?

Drugs with animal studies showing adverse effects but potential benefits may outweigh risks.

What are FDA Pregnancy Category D drugs?

Drugs with evidence of human fetal risk but potential benefits may be acceptable.

What are FDA Pregnancy Category X drugs?

Drugs that demonstrate fetal abnormalities or adverse reactions, with clear evidence of fetal risk.

Give an example of a Category A drug.

Prenatal vitamins, folic acid.

Give an example of a Category X drug.

Statins, Warfarin, Quinine.