Revolutions in thought and action

scientific revolution

A period of significant advancements in scientific knowledge and methodology during the 16th and 17th centuries that transformed the understanding of the natural world, leading to the development of modern science.

scientific methodology

using mathematical reasoning and observation to reexamine phenomena

scientific methodology

relying on reason over political authority

ptolemaic universe

geocentric universe where stars move in perfect circles around earth, the heavens are made of a fantastical material, and all issues are waved away with epicycles.

claudius ptolemy

ancient greek scholor who theorized ptolemaic univers

almagest

book by Claudius Ptolemy which synthesized his theories about the universe

religion in Ptolemaic universe

beyond the observable universe is the heavens where god resides

geocentric

earth in ptolemaic universe

epicycles

circular movements made by planets in Ptolemaic universe to justify observed inaccuracies.

copernican universe

heliocentric model of universe that replaced ptolemy’s model.

heliocentric

rotating about the sun

nicolaus copernicus

polish astronemer who created copernican universe

on the revolutions of the heavenly spheres

copernicus’s book which broke with ptolemaic thory

copernican theory and religion

threatened the church as it did not have an area for god to inhabit. implied humans were not center of universe

mechanics

branch of science dealing with moving bodies

galileo galilei

italian who showed heavens were imperfect and constantly changing using a telescope. saw previoysly unkown stars, implying a greater size of the universe

johannes kepler

german who demonstrated that the orbits of planets were elipticle, not circulari

isaac newton

english mathmetician who synthesised astronomy and mechanics

mathmatical princeples of natural philosophy

book by isaac newton written in 1687 which used math to explain laws that govern the earth

isaac newton

created laws of motion and gravitation which united previously thought unrelated phenomena

william harvey

english physician who discovered blood circulation. Thought women’s only purpose was to give birth and used science as a veneer for misogyny.

emilie du chatelet

female scientist who translated isaac newton’s princibles of mathmatics to french and heightened its legibility with justifications for his methodology

holy roman empire, england, byzantines

strongest states in 1300s

france, england, spain

strongest states in 1500

house of tudors

english monarchy in modern modern revolution

Henry Tudor

English monarch who won long civil war involving most english nobility. at end of war, there were few nobles left, so Henry had near absolute power.

nation state

an area that is both a nation and a state

state

terratory with its own government

Nation

group of people connected by culture

strength of nation states

give political legitimacy to common people as they see a shared cultural connection with their leader. Nation states often take power from nobles as they are no longer needed to control the common people

The spider

Louis the XI

Louis the XI

Member of the Valois Dynasty, known as the spider as he did not directly confront opponents, but set traps and start infighting to destroy them.

Valois

Dynasty that grew strong through advantageous marriages and never having a female heir with which would have to give away their wealth

Concordat of bologna

Agreement signed by Francis I with the then pope to grant him the power of lay investature within england. enabled valois to better connect to common people with a papacy loyal to them.

Iberian Penisula

Spain’s location. dominated by muslim moores for long time before retaken by ferdinand and isebella

recpnquista

retaking of spain from moores in 1492

Castile and Aragon

Two strongest spanish kingdoms who make a political alliance to team together and over take the moores by marring their children: ferdinand and isebella

ferdinand and isebella

married as part of political agreement, to prevent them from growing to be rivals, Isebella recived sole rule of spain and Ferdinand received rule over aragon.

Ferdinand and Isebella’s heir

fail to produce a male heir and marry their daughter to the then emperor of the HRE, having the child Charles V

Based around Catholicism

Identity in spain

Catholocism in spain

Based entire national identity around not being Muslim. Resulted in discrimination against non Muslims. Ferdinand and Isabella leaned up Catholic Church so royal legitimacy was sound

Morisco

Moor who converted to Catholicism

Marranos

Jew who converted to Catholicism

the inquisition

Court created to ensure there were not any fake catholics

the inquisition

court created out of paranoia descended the inquisition from Spanish national identity being in opposition to other identities

the inquisition

Cruelly treated those they thought to be fake Christians, using torture and killings.

convert or leave

What happened to Muslims and Jews in Spain after Reconquista

the inquisition

Defended Spanish national identity and thus royal legitimacy from fake Christians who threatened Spanish legitimacy.

voyages of columbus

Result of Spain’s spoor relation with the Moors after the Reconquista, forcing Spain to seek out new trade routes

1492

1. Ferdinand and Isabella Mary

2. Reconquista

3. Voyages of Columbus

charles v

Heir to Spain, allied with England, and Holy Roman Emperor, set to unite Europe and be the most powerful man in world

protestant reformation

______ was caused by longstanding corruption in Catholic Church slowly boiled over as people’s dissatisfactions were not respected

church economics

The Black Death killed 1/3 of Europe, leaving the church severely underfunded, as they relied on tithe revenue to fund the church.

tithe

10% tax on all members of the parish to fund the churches operations. Covered services of hospitals, education, and clergy

black death

Plague that killed 1/3 of Europe, starting a financial crisis in the church. Income was reduced by over a third (as most affect were wealthy city dwellers), but costs did not go down as you cannot pause a project in motion and local parishes could not be effectively downsized.

primogeniture

All land and titles go to the firstborn man of household. Most couples try and have 2 sons, “an heir and a spare” so that their lineage will continue. If both survive, the second son is often set up with a prestigious church job.

simony

Practice of taking bribes for church positions, in other terms, selling a job in the clergy. Done so to support underfunded parishes in the midst of an economic crisis, as the benefit of the donation could outweigh the damage of bringing in a poor mannered priest.

absenteeism

TLDR: when a priest does not show up for mass. Clergy hired through simony, oft,P are not committed to their role and skip their masses. Very hated by the parish as people could not have their sins forgiven or go to mass, in effect, sending them to hell.

pluralism

When a priest of simony holds multiple positions in different towns, often attending to neither

sale of indulgences

Sale of the forgiveness of sins without penance. Used to bypass purgatory and get to heaven. Justified by the pope’s supposed ability to transfer the good deeds of the dead to the living. Essentially allowed for the buying of sins. Sold to raise funds for reconstruction of St. Peter’s Basilica in Rome.

johan tetzel

Marketer who gaslit poor people into thinking their deceased relatives were bad so that they would buy an indulgence off of him.

celibacy

When a person enters the church, they give up the ability to have kids. Due to the ambiguity of this statement, it is interpreted differently and often not respected by corrupt clergy who gained their position through simony.

concubines

Unmarried partners of clergy, not being celibate. Often hold illegitimate children

drunkenness

Alcohol is one vice accepted in the Catholic Church, though corrupt officials often over indulge in it.

militancy

Church officials often became violent and unchristlike

pope julius ii

fought wars to restore papal states, led his own troops into battle, very unchirstlike

education

Clergy of simony were often not religiously educated and unfit to lead a mass.

hocus pocus

Butchering of the phrase “Hoc est corpus meum” meaning this is my body. The epitome of the incompetent figures allowed into the church by simony.

john wyclif

English person who first shared their noticing of the failures of the Catholic Church. Was not listened to as they were English. Believed masses should me lead by parish, not clergy

John Huss

Shared Wyclif's ideas, but was gained popularity due to being in Central Europe and the church was at its weakest point when he struck.

the great schism

Controversy between who should be the next pope, an Italian or Frenchman? Handled very poorly and incompetently as everyone excommunicated each other. Solved as both possible popes are removed and a new one which they all agree on is appointed.

council of constance

At the end of controversy, they need a scapegoat to blame their failing s on. In a meeting called the ______ they used to blame everything on John Huss. Huss is tricked into attending, thinking that his ideas are final being listened to, but is captured, excommunicated, and burned at the stake upon arrival.

diet of worms

Martin Luther is invited to share his ideas at the _______, he knows of what happened to Huss at Council of Constance and thinks he will be killed, but still goes, saying “here I stand” upon arival. His four main points are:

1. justification by faith alone

2. religious doctrine should be based on the bible, not traditions

3. Church is a community of believers, not the Clerical Hierarchy

4. A Christian life is based on serving god, not performing ceremonies

After diet of worms, people try to kill him, bu the is saved

Fredric the elector

AKA ____ the Great. He is an elector to the Holy Roman Empower, making him one of 7 most powerful people in HRE. He protects Martin Luther after the Holy Roman Emperor tries to kill him to preserve his own power. He sees how powerful Charles V will be and fears that he will lose his power, protecting Martin Luther for political reasons, not religious ones.

6 that killed the church

1. Loss of respect for Catholic Church due to curruption

2. Humanism promoting individualism and secular values

3. New monarchies taking power away from church

4. Resistance of German Nobles against Charled V

5. inaction of pope for fear of losing job to council

6. printing press spreading ideas of protestants faster