psyc 3030 lucas exam 3

When people who are 40 or older are asked to recall events in their lives, memory is best for events occurring between the ages of 10 and 30.

reminiscence bump

Memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person's self-image or life identity is being formed.

SELF-IMAGE HYPOTHESIS

Memory is enhanced for events that occur as a person's or is being formed.

self-image or life identity

People assume more identities during or __.

adolescence and young adulthood

The self-image hypothesis links the reminiscence bump to the number of _ which tend to co-occur with adopting new identities.

transitional events

Encoding is better during periods of rapid change followed by stability.

COGNITIVE HYPOTHESIS

Ages 10-30 there are more cognitive resources expending toward _ _ of the events

encoding memories

After age 30 there are not as many changes happening; stable. and _ of earlier memories

Rehearsal and consolidation

Schauf & Rubin (1998): Reminiscence bump is shifted in people who

emigrated in their 30's

Late emigration = less stability in 30's = later and smaller reminiscence bump

is a set of culturally expected events that occur at a particular time in the lifespan

Cultural life script

our cultural life script is most pronounced for when?

adolescence and early adulthood

Cultural life scripts may help us to _ from adolescence and early adulthood.

organize information in memory

Memories related to shocking, highly charged events

FLASHBULB MEMORIES

In a flashbulb memory, what is the memory actually of?

circumstances surrounding how a person heard about an event, NOT memories for the event itself

Brown & Kulik coined the term "flashbulb memory" while researching people's memories for the __.

JFK assassination

Years after the event, people gave detailed and confident descriptions about what they were doing when they heard about the assassination.

What is the problem with studying flashbulb memories?

There's no way to verify them

is a technique in studying flashbulb memories that involves comparing later memories to memories collected immediately after the event

Repeated recall

What is the idea behind repeated recall?

that immediate memories will be the most accurate

What is the purpose of repeated recall?

Can see if/how memories of the event change over time

Although flashbulb memories continue to feel as vivid as time passes, they do become less _.

accurate

In flashbulb memories, more people say that they heard about it on TV 2.5 years after the event than immediately. Why?

they are remembering the TV coverage of the event after the fact instead of the event itself

What did Talarico & Rubin (2003) discover about flashbulb and regular memories?

Similar loss of detail over time for flashbulb and everyday memories

True or False?

people inaccurately believed that the accuracy of flashbulb memories remained high over time.

true

Lesson from research on flashbulb memories: The most memories are NOT always the most accurate!

confident

How are flashbulb memories special?

people mistakenly think they are very accurate.

Why the overconfidence in accuracy of flashbulb memories?

The __ hypothesis says that tragic events (but not the context in which you learned about them) are rehearsed, replayed on TV, etc., creating an illusion of a vivid memory

narrative rehearsal

Why the overconfidence in accuracy of flashbulb memories?

Evidence that _ can increase subjective belief in memory accuracy.

emotion

information is generally better remembered than information.

Emotional; neutral

The is the brain region linked to emotion with strong structural connections to the .

amygdala; hippocampus

Damage to the amygdala means no memory advantage for ___ materials

emotionally salient

Stress hormones (cortisol) released after encoding enhance memory

consolidation

But, only for emotionally arousing information

Cahill et al (2003) had participants view emotional and neutral images and then either dip their hands in ice water or dip them in warm water, why?

ice water caused the release of cortisol

Cahill et al (2003) found that stress hormones (cortisol) released after encoding enhance memory consolidation, but only for information.

emotionally arousing

True or False?

Emotion enhances memory for all information

False

is the tendency to direct attention on a weapon during the commission of a crime and not remember other details of the crime scene

Weapon focus

Clear memory for an event itself might lead to overconfidence in memories about __.

what you were doing when you heard

is what actually happens + person's knowledge, experiences, and expectations

Memory

Memories are not just "retrieved" they are _.

reconstructed

In Barlett's experiment, memory for the story was constructed from at least two sources:

• Information from the original story

• Information from background knowledge about the world as they understood it, and what had happened other stories they'd heard

A _ error is when you misidentify a source of memory

source monitoring

Source monitoring errors are also called __.

source misattributions

Research on flashbulb memories for national tragedies like 9/11/01 suggests that:

A. They tend to be extremely accurate even after time has passed.

B. Rememberers tend to be highly confident in the accuracy of these memories even after time has passed.

C. They almost always occur between the ages of 10 and 30

D. Unlike other memories, they tend to get more accurate as time passes.

E. They are usually implicit memories.

B. Rememberers tend to be highly confident in the accuracy of these memories even after time has passed.

According to the self-image hypothesis, the "reminiscence bump" is a result of:

A. people assuming many new identities in adolescence and early adulthood.

B. people assuming many new identities in middle age and older adulthood.

C. the fact that the ages of 10-30 tend to be associated with lots of change, followed by relative stability.

D. the fact that the ages of 35-55 tend to be associated with lots of change, followed by relative stability.

A. people assuming many new identities in adolescence and early adulthood.

Which is NOT true about the effects of emotion on memory?

A. The amygdala plays an important role in enhancing memory for emotional information.

B. Stress hormones have been linked to better memory consolidation.

C. Emotion primarily enhances memory for things that happen during childhood.

D. Emotion enhances memory for emotionally arousing material, but not neutral material that is present at the same time.

C. Emotion primarily enhances memory for things that happen during childhood.

_ is when previously-stored memories are mistaken for original creations

Cryptomnesia

When a stimulus seems familiar, misattribution errors can involve erroneous assumptions about _.

why that thing feels familiar

Misattributions of familiarity are similar to the , in which a statement "feels" more credible and true simply because you've heard the statement before.

propaganda effect

The "Famous Overnight" experiment supported what?

source misattribution errors

Participants did not mistake names on the list for famous names if tested immediately., but 24 hours later they mistakenly judged some of the names to be famous.

True or false?

Unfamiliar names can be more prone to familiarity misattribution than common names

True

A error is a mechanism by which stereotypes are reinforced without the target of the stereotypes doing anything to reinforce them

stereotype congruent

Marsh et al.'s "Pat versus Chris" experiment tested what?

stereotype congruent errors

A is knowledge about what typically appears in some aspect of the environment

scene schema

An _ is knowledge about a sequence of actions that usually occurs during a particular experience

event schema or script

Brewer & Treyens, (1981) experiment with waiting in the professors office and then asked to remember what was in it demonstrated that a _ is used to reconstruct a memory.

scene schema

Bower et al, (1979) experiment suggested that participants had false recall of information that was __, but not stated in the passage.

script-congruent

they remember typical things that happen in the doctors office instead of what exactly happened

Suggestibility shows that memories are susceptible to __.

change after the fact

True or False?

How we are questioned about our memories changes the memory itself.

True