Comprehensive Study Guide for History of Architecture II: Focus on Mannerism

Classical Linear is to Mannerist ___________?

Perspectival

Classical Planar is to Mannerist ___________?

Recessional

Classical Closed is to Mannerist ___________?

Open

Classical Multiple is to Mannerist ___________?

Unified

Classical Clear is to Mannerist ___________?

Ambiguous

Who designed the Tempietto?

Donato Bramante

What type of plan does the Tempietto use?

A circular plan

Where is the Tempietto located? (Large scale)

Rome, Italy

Where is the Tempietto located? (Small scale)

It is tucked into the Vatican. It is in a courtyard.

How does the Santa Maria della Consolazione use an adapted Greek cross plan?

Its sides are four equally sized domes.

How does the San Biagio Montepulciano use an adpated Greek cross plan?

It has one side that is longer than the other and uses towers to mark the main entrance.

What does the Tempietto mark?

It marks the crucifixion of Saint Peter.

How was Saint Peter crucified? How is this illustrated in the design of the Tempietto?

Saint Peter was crucified upside down. This is illustrated in the Tempietto because you go underground beneath the structure.

Besides the Tempietto, what other important religious site is Bramante concerned with?

Saint Peter's Basilica

What was a martyria?

A round building marking the site of where a martyr died. The Tempietto relates very closely to this concept.

What are the five Classical Renaissance values?

Balance, Harmony, Proportion, Rule and Truth

What are the five Mannerist values?

Exaggeration, Tension, Distortion, Transgression, and Knowing Disregard

Classical Balance is to Mannerist _________?

Exaggeration

Classical Harmony is to Mannerist _________?

Tension

Classical Proportion is to Mannerist _________?

Distortion

Classical Rule is to Mannerist _________?

Transgression

Classical Truth is to Mannerist _________?

Knowing Disregard

Who designed the Palazzo Te?

Giulio Romano

Where is the Palazzo Te located?

Mantua

What is unique about the Palazzo Te's elevation?

It has seemingly random spacing of arches and places where there are some openings but other spots closed.

What is the definition of Sprezzatura?

Ease of manner, studied carelessness; the appearance of acting or being done without effort; spec. of literary style or performance.

What book does the idea of Sprezzatura originate from?

The Book of the Courtier, written by Castiglione

What are the three types of conflicts related to style?

1. Stylistic Conflict

2. Conflictless (Harmonious) Style

3. Conflict as Style

What years mark Renaissance Classicism?

1420-1520

What years mark Mannerism?

1520-ca. 1600

From manifestation of higher realities...

to explorations within a language

From beauty as the highest ideal...

to wit as the highest ideal

From achieving the ideal...

to playing with the ideal

From focus on the object...

to focus on the author

From recognition...

to reading

From __________ ...

to self-conscious style

From science...

to art

Who designed the Old Sacristy of the Florence Cathedral?

Filippo Brunelleschi

Who designed the New Sacristy at the Florence Cathedral?

Michelangelo

What are the years of the Old Sacristy?

1421-1428

What are the years of the New Sacristy?

1519-1524

How do the domes of the Old and New Sacristy compare?

The Old Sacristy Dome has an oculus in the center, with 12 circular holes pierced out of the dome, representing twelve apostles. The New Sacristy Dome has only an oculus at the center. The New Sacristy Dome has coffers while the Old Sacristy does not.

Is the OId or New Sacristy more monochromatic?

The New Sacristy - there is a variation of blacks, greys, and whites.

How do the sculptures of the Old and New Sacristy compare?

The Old Sacristy depicts religious scenes, particularly of Christ. The New Sacristy is focused on the anatomy of human. (Religious depictions vs. Humanism)

Is the Old or New Sacristy more decorative architecturally?

The New Sacristy

How do the floors of the Old and New Sacristy compare?

The Old Sacristy floor is a mostly plain floor. The New Sacristy features a grey and white checkered pattern floor.

How does the size of the Old and New Sacristy compare?

The New Sacrist is about 1/3rd taller than the Old Sacristy.

Who designed the Laurentian Library?

Michelangelo

Where is the Laurentian Library?

Florence, Italy

What are the years of the Laurentian Library?

1523-1525

What is characteristic of the Laurentian Library?

It features a very large set of intricate stairs.

What is characteristic of the wall across from the stairs in the Laurentian Library?

The wall is bare compared to the others.

Describe the Principle of Exclusion vs. The Principle of Sacrifice

The Principle of Sacrifice admits and indeed implies the existence of a multiplicity of values. The Principle of Exclusion denies the values it opposes.

How many parts are there to the Problem of the Ideal?

Three

What are the three parts of the Problem of the Ideal?

1. The problem of the Repetition

2. The problem of Familiarity

3. The problem of Disappointment

What are the things that art seems to require that also threaten it becomes a formula?

Ideals, Principles, Values, and Theories, etc.

What is the of Consequence, in terms of art, of it becoming a formula?

to the degree that an artistic practice achieves its stated ends, it risks becoming just the sort of rote formula the concept of "art" is generally thought to oppose.

What are the five things that a Classical Architect would be concerned with?

Truth, Objective, Beauty, Knowledge, and Reason

What are the five things that a Mannerist Architect would be concerned with?

Pleasure, Subjective, Irony, Wit, and Fancy

Classical Architect: Truth is to Mannerist Architect _______?

Pleasure

Classical Architect: Objective is to Mannerist Architect _______?

Subjective

Classical Architect: Beauty is to Mannerist Architect _______?

Irony

Classical Architect: Knowledge is to Mannerist Architect _______?

Wit

Classical Architect: Reason is to Mannerist Architect _______?

Fancy

What is the definition of Licentious?

Disregarding commonly accepted rules, deviating freely from correctness.

What are the four defintions of License?

1. Liberty (to do something), leave, permission

2. A formal, usually a printed or written permission from a constituted authority to do something

3. Liberty of action conceded or acknowledged

4. Deviation from recognized form or rule, indulged in by a writer or artist for the sake of effect

What were the Arches of Triumph?

They were temporary structures that were intricately decorated.

Where were the Arches of Triumph displayed?

London

Who considers columns to be sculptural and not structural?

Alberti

What architectural book had no images?

Vitruvius' De Architectura

What group invented the arch?

The Romans

What is the essential condition of architecture?

Embodied space

What does Liturgical mean?

Rituals of the service

What is one of the most copied buildings?

The Tempietto

Why can plan, sections, and elevations not be seen correctly by the human eye?

Humans see in perspective

How can mathematical relations not be experienced?

By taste, touch, smell, or hearing

There is a tension between intellect and __________?

Perception

There is a tension between artistic ideals and __________?

Societal Requirements

There is a tension between architecture as a symbol and __________?

Architecture as building

What does a wall go with?

A pilaster

What does a window go with?

A column

Why do we not have a lot of Michelangelo's sketches/preliminary work?

He burned his drawings

What is the quote referring to?

"I have found quite a universal rule...and that is to practice in all things a certain ____________ so as to conceal all art and make whatever is done or said appear to be without effort and almost without any thought about it." - Baldassore Castiglione

Sprezzatura

What style is this describing: Anti-normative, Anti-ideal, and pro-variation style

Mannerism

Discuss a tension embodied by centrally planned churches? (short essay)

see notes

What is so important about the concept of Sprezzatura? (short essay)

see notes

What are differences between Classical and Mannerist architects? (short essay)

see notes

Why can Manneristic design not be called random?

The architects know the principle that preceded them, but they chose to not follow it.

What does Sprezzatura allow people to give up the hunt for?

Perfection

What does the architect have to be the source of?

Value and design considerations

What are Mannerist architects not?

anti-intellectuals

What is the language that Renaissance and Mannerist architects share?

Alberti's ten books of Architecture

Who is prominently known for his sketches?

John Thorpe

What is the relation between books and buildings?

- Books teach people how to build architecture

- Books can be held in buildings in the form of libraries

- Books can be written to create imaginative architectural spaces

What type of system is the printing press going to become like?

A guild system

What does Manuscripts mean?

Manual writing

What are copiers of books called?

Scribes

What is the place where Scribes write called?

Scriptorium

Why is the printing press important?

- It takes out individual error

- Makes it faster to copy

- Everyone has the same copy

What are the four architectural genera that Waters mentions?

Ionic, Doric, Corinthian, and Tuscan