state of matter- paer 2 -oc

MONOtropic

What type of Properties of Polymorphism

Always stable

• regardless of the temp, pressur etc

• 1 stable form

• NOT REVERSILBE, NO CHANGE

ENANTIOtropic

What type of Properties of Polymorphism

STABILIT depend of the temp, pressure

• HAVE TRANSITION

Monotropic polymorphism

- Polymorphism involves a change in one direction and is usually from a metastable to stable form

• Examples: long-chain organics eg, fatty acids, glycerides and fats

Enantiotropic polymorphism

- Polymorphism involves a change in various direction and is usually associated with changes in temperature or solvent

• Examples: Sulfur, water, aspirin

PSEU DO poly MORPHS

• Crystals containing solvent molecules

WATER = HYDRATES

solvates

PSEU DO poly MORPHS Also called as

Anisotropic solids:

• Are those showing different characteristics in various directions along crystal

• These crystals have unlike light properties in different sites.

• light is refracted at different site angles from different sites)

ANISOtropic SOLID

DIRECTION DEPENDENT

• MORE THAN 1 REFRACTIVE INDEX

ISOtropic SOLID

DIRECTION INDEPENDENT

• HAVE 1 REFRECTIVE INDEX

GIVE EXAMPLE:

Amorphous solids

• may be considered as super cooled liquids

• molecules are arranged in a random manner somewhat as in the liquid state.

EXAMPLE: ANTIBIOTIC

Polymeric solids

• These are carbon-based formed by the hadronized carbon atom with S and P orbitals to give four valency bonds at fairly well defined angles.

• Examples: Polyvinyl alcohol, methylcellulose, carbomer, carbopol, polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA), PEG, PP, PVP

Polymeric solids

Most polymers used in pharmaceuticals

LIQUID STATE

Molecules in the liquid state are mobile in three directions and can also rotate about three axes perpendicular to one another.

◉ are mobile and thus can be considered to have the flow properties of liquids.

◉ At the same time they possess the property of being birefringent, a property associated with crystals

LIQUID STATE

A fourth state of matter is the liquid crystalline state or mesophase.

BIRE frin GENCE

The property of crystals and mesophase to divide passing light into two components with different velocities and refractive index

SMECTIC LIQUID crystal

WHAT types of liquid crystal

- mobile in two directions

SMECTIC LIQUID crystal

WHAT types of liquid crystal

• mobile in two directions

• used as components of emulsions

Soap-like or Greaselike crystals

SMECTIC LIQUID crystal aka:

THREAD LIKE crystals

WHAT types of liquid crystal

• mobile in three directions/dimensions

• Include Cholesteric type

NEMATIC

THREAD LIKE crytal AKA:

Lyotropic liquid crystals

◉ : Crystals derived from the action of certain solvents on solids

Thermotropic liquid crystals

: Crystals obtained by heating solids to obtain mesophase

CHOLES teryl

BENZO ate

The first thermotropic liquid crystal that was recorded studied by Reinitzer in 1888

Super fluid state

Is a mesophase formed from the gaseous state where the gas is held under a combination of temperature and pressure that exceed critical points

F = C – P + 2

PHASE RULE

This is expressed by the ff equation: ◉

system

is defined as bound space or a definite quantity of substance that is under observation and experimentation

D- F=C

IN - F=P

F = C – P + 2

WHAT IS DIRECT AND INVERS PROP

BI variant

If P = 1 : System is (F=2)

UNI variant

If P = 2 : System is (F=1)

IN variant

If P = 3 : System is (F=0)