Learning objectives Ch1-2

Vocabulary flashcards created from lecture notes covering classification of matter, polyatomic ions, acids, SI base units and prefixes, and states of matter.

Substance

A form of matter consisting of one element or one compound, also referred to as a pure substance.

Element

A substance composed of atoms or molecules consisting of just one type of element that cannot be decomposed by chemical reactions.

Compound

A substance composed of different elements in constant composition that can be decomposed into its elements by chemical reactions, such as $SiO_2$ or $H_2O$.

Homogeneous Mixture

A mixture with constant composition throughout, such as clear solutions or melted solid alloys like brass.

Heterogeneous Mixture

A mixture whose composition varies throughout the sample, such as mixtures of solids, insoluble substances, or milk (which contains saturated fat globules, protein, calcium, lactose, and water).

Kilogram

The official SI base unit for mass.

Cubic Meter

The derived SI base unit for volume ($m^3$), where $1\,L = 10^{-3}\,m^3$ and $1\,mL = 1\,cm^3$.

Peta

SI prefix with abbreviation $P$ representing a factor of $10^{15}$.

Tera

SI prefix with abbreviation $T$ representing a factor of $10^{12}$.

Giga

SI prefix with abbreviation $G$ representing a factor of $10^9$.

Mega

SI prefix with abbreviation $M$ representing a factor of $10^6$.

Kilo

SI prefix with abbreviation $k$ representing a factor of $10^3$.

Centi

SI prefix with abbreviation $c$ representing a factor of $10^{-2}$.

Milli

SI prefix with abbreviation $m$ representing a factor of $10^{-3}$.

Micro

SI prefix with abbreviation $\mu$ representing a factor of $10^{-6}$.

Nano

SI prefix with abbreviation $n$ representing a factor of $10^{-9}$.

Pico

SI prefix with abbreviation $p$ representing a factor of $10^{-12}$.

Femto

SI prefix with abbreviation $f$ representing a factor of $10^{-15}$.

Nitrate

Polyatomic ion with a $-1$ charge and the chemical formula $NO_3^-$.

Nitrite

Polyatomic ion with a $-1$ charge and the chemical formula $NO_2^-$.

Bicarbonate

Polyatomic ion with a $-1$ charge and the chemical formula $HCO_3^-$.

Permanganate

Polyatomic ion with a $-1$ charge and the chemical formula $MnO_4^-$.

Acetate

Polyatomic ion with a $-1$ charge and the chemical formula $C_2H_3O_2^-$.

Cyanide

Polyatomic ion with a $-1$ charge and the chemical formula $CN^-$.

Hydroxide

Polyatomic ion with a $-1$ charge and the chemical formula $OH^-$.

Sulfate

Polyatomic ion with a $-2$ charge and the chemical formula $SO_4^{2-}$.

Sulfite

Polyatomic ion with a $-2$ charge and the chemical formula $SO_3^{2-}$.

Chromate

Polyatomic ion with a $-2$ charge and the chemical formula $CrO_4^{2-}$.

Dichromate

Polyatomic ion with a $-2$ charge and the chemical formula $Cr_2O_7^{2-}$.

Carbonate

Polyatomic ion with a $-2$ charge and the chemical formula $CO_3^{2-}$.

Oxalate

Polyatomic ion with a $-2$ charge and the chemical formula $C_2O_4^{2-}$.

Peroxide

Polyatomic ion with a $-2$ charge and the chemical formula $O_2^{2-}$.

Phosphate

Polyatomic ion with a $-3$ charge and the chemical formula $PO_4^{3-}$.

Phosphite

Polyatomic ion with a $-3$ charge and the chemical formula $PO_3^{3-}$.

Ammonium

Polyatomic ion with a $+1$ charge and the chemical formula $NH_4^+$.

Hydrofluoric acid

Binary acid with the formula $HF_{(aq)}$.

Hydrochloric acid

Binary acid with the formula $HCl_{(aq)}$.

Hydrobromic acid

Binary acid with the formula $HBr_{(aq)}$.

Hydroiodic acid

Binary acid with the formula $HI_{(aq)}$.

Hydrosulfuric acid

Binary acid with the formula $H_2S_{(aq)}$.

Nitric acid

Oxoacid with the formula $HNO_{3(aq)}$.

Sulfuric acid

Oxoacid with the formula $H_2SO_{4(aq)}$.

Phosphoric acid

Oxoacid with the formula $H_3PO_{4(aq)}$.

Carbonic acid

Oxoacid with the formula $H_2CO_{3(aq)}$.

Aqueous state

Physical state symbol $(aq)$ indicating that a substance is dissolved in water, forming a mixture.

Melting

The physical state change from solid to liquid, represented as $s \rightarrow l$.

Condensation

The physical state change from gas to liquid, represented as $g \rightarrow l$.

Normal conditions for physical states

Standard experimental temperature and pressure specified as $25\,^\circ\text{C}$ and $1\,\text{atm}$.