Chapter 18: Representative Metals, Metalloids, and Nonmetals

Flashcards of key terms and definitions from the lecture notes.

Periodicity

Repeating properties found in groups of the periodic table

Representative Elements

Elements where the s & p orbitals are being filled; Groups 1,2, & 12-18

Alkali Metals (Group 1)

Very reactive metals that are never found pure in nature; form +1 ions; reactivity increases with increasing atomic #

Alkaline Earth Metals (Group 2)

Less reactive metals that form +2 ions; reactivity increases with increasing atomic #

Group 12 (Zinc, Cadmium, & Mercury)

Elements in the d-block that fill an s orbital last and are not transition elements; reactivity decreases with increasing atomic #

Group 13 (Al, Ga, In, & Tl)

Elements more easily oxidized than water with oxidation states of +3

Passivation

Formation of a protective coating by reacting with oxygen

Group 14 (Sn & Pb)

Elements that form divalent cations AND covalent compounds (with oxidation state of +4)

Allotropes

Two or more forms of the same element, in the same physical state with different physical and chemical properties

Sacrificial Anode

Cathodic protection of some metals using a more active metal

Amalgams

Alloy of Hg with another metal

Electrolysis

Use of electrical energy to drive an unfavorable reaction

Chemical Reduction

Reacting metal compounds with reducing agents to reduce the metals to pure form

Metalloids

boron, silicon, arsenic, antimony, and tellurium semiconductors with a stronger hold on electrons than metals

Amorphous

Appears solid but has no long range order like a solid

Borates

Salts of oxyacids of boron

Silicates

Salts containing anions of Si & O

Nitrogen Fixation

Conversion of atmospheric nitrogen to a biologically useful form

Hydrogenation

Addition of hydrogen across multiple bonded C

Carbonates

Compounds that contain the carbonate anion (CO32 -)

Halides

Binary compounds of metals with halogens

Interhalogens

Compounds formed by two or more halogens

Oxides

Compounds with oxide ions O2

Peroxides

Compounds with peroxide ions O22

Superoxides

Compounds with superoxide ions O2-

Hydroxides

compounds with oxide ions