Chapter 2 BIO ALLIED HEALTH

Bonding atoms are chemically what?

Chemically Unstable.

What atoms are chemically stable and why?

Noble gases because they have complete valence shells.

What is a chemical bond?

process in which the chemical structure of a substance changes,.

What are chemical compounds?

Crystal molecules composed chemically bonded ions or atoms.

What are Ionic Bonds?

Attraction between 2 opposite charged ions (CATION +) (ANION-), they are overly strong and forms crystal.

What are covalent Bonds?

Attraction due to sharing pairs of valence electrons between atoms. they form molecules and not as strong as Ionic bonds.

What are double bonds?

A covalent bond between two atoms involving four bonding electrons.

What are Triple bonds?

is a covalent linkage between two atoms involving six bonding electrons

What are nonpolar Bonding.?

Electron equally shared between atoms.

What are polar bonding?

A bond between two or more atoms is polar if the atoms have significantly different electronegativities (

What is a molecule?

A group of two or more bonded atoms in specific proportion.

What are structural formulas supposed to inform you about?

Inform you about how atoms are actually arranged in a molecule.

What is a Chemical Reaction?

Are the processes in which substances are changed into other processes by breaking and referring chemical bonds.

What are catalysts?

Substances that can speed up reaction rate without being consumed in the process.

Synthesis (Type of Chemical Reaction)

A+B→ AB

Decomposition (Type of Chemical Reaction)

AB→A+B

Exchange (Type of Chemical Reactions)

AB+CD→AD+BC

Reversible (Type of Chemical Reaction)

AB→ ← A+B

What are electrolytes?

Ion’s substance that disassociates into their ion when dissolved into water.

What is Acid?

Electrolytes that release H+ hydrogen ions in solutions.

What is bases?

electrolytes that release ions that bind H+ hydrogen in solutions.

What is physiology?

Is the concentrations of H+ and OH- ions in bodily fluids greatly affecting physiological chemical reactions. (e.g. breathing, blood pressure)

What is the PH Scale?

A means of measuring H+ ions concentration in solutions. ranges from 0-14

PH <7.0 is what?

Acidic.

PH= 7.0 is what?

Neutral.

PH > 7.0 is what?

Alkaline (basic)

What are the three Inorganic Substances?

Oxygen, Carbon Dioxide, and Salt.

What are the three Inorganic Substances in your body?

Water, oxygen, Carbon Dioxide.

Oxygen (Inorganic Substances)

It is carried by red cells bound to hemoglobin used by the body to extract energy from food molecules.

Carbon Dioxide (Inorganic substances)

Produces as a waste product when the metabolic process releases energy.

Salt (Inorganic Substance)

ionic compounds that disassociate into their ions in aqueous solutions, such ions are active in many physiological processes.

Carbohydrates (Organic Substance)

Functions as energy storage and as structural molecules consists of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.

Monosaccharides (Organic Substance Carbohydrates)

simple sugars (e.g. pentose 5-C sugars, Hexoses 6-C sugars,)

Lipids (Organic Substance)

A lipid is any of various organic compounds that are insoluble in water. They include fats, waxes, oils, and hormones.

Triglycerides (Organic Substance Lipids)

energy storage molecules able to store twice as much energy as carbohydrate molecules, consist of glycerol and three fatty acids.

What are Saturated Fats (Organic Substance Lipids)

fatty acids are all “saturated” with hydrogen atoms with single bonds.

What are Unsaturated Fats (Organic Substance LIpids)

Fatty acids not saturated at least one fatty acid has a double bond.

Steroids (Organic Substance Lipids )

Complex lipids with a characteristic 4-ringed structure.

Cholesterol (Organic Substance Lipid)

Common lipids found in cell membranes throughout the body.

Polysaccharides (Organic Substance Carbohydrates)

Many linked monosaccharides (e.g. cellulose, starch, and glycogen)

3 Important groups of Lipids.

Steroids, triglycerides, and Phospholipids