EVS 315 Final

Crosswalkers

second foot to land is the back foot, deer, dogs, and cats

gallopers

squirrels, narrow bodied rodents, and hare

jumpers

narrow bodied weasels

waddlers

feet like humans, leave front and back patterns. opossum and bear

patchcut

baby clear cut

clear cut

a forestry practice where all trees in a designated area are removed.

selective cut

A logging practice where only certain trees are harvested while leaving others intact, promoting regeneration and biodiversity in the forest.

release cut

to reduce competition, clearing around desired trees.

edge cut

cutting around edges to allow more sunlight and growth

two dominant hardwoods in climax

sugar maple and american beech

herbaceous plants

These flowering plants play a crucial role in the ecosystem by providing food and habitat for various wildlife species during critical seasonal changes.

spring ephemerals

early blooming plants that emerge from the soil and flower before the tree canopy closes, taking advantage of the sunlight that filters through

summer greens

plants that photosynthesize in shady environments

evergreens

remain green throughout the year and retain leaves year-round

alexander wilson

Scottish American who in the 1800s, compiled an American ornithology that served as a foundational text for bird study in North America, often referred to as the "Father of American Ornithology." Has bird named after him → Wilsons Storm Petrol and Warbler.

Thomas Nuttal

English botanist/zoologist compiled manual of ornithology in 1830s. Has bird named after him → Yellow Billed magpie.

John James Audubon

produced Birds of America. Claim to fame was his artistry and detailed illustrations, which brought the lives and habitats of birds to the forefront of scientific study and public interest. Stuffed birds in natural position and painted them.

Modern ornithology - from shotguns to binoculars

ludlow griscom and roger tory peterson

ludlow griscom

had a new way of working with birds. Identify birds in field in various ways - not shooting them.

roger tory peterson

student of Griscom that introduced in 1934 identifying birds through observation and learning from process

methods of bird identification

color, size, shape, vocalization, behavior, and habitat/range

characteristics of the waterfowl family

aquatic, flattened bill, long necks, precocial, and webbed toes.

dabbling ducks

feed mainly on waters surface by tipping forward, allowing them to reach submerged vegetation and invertebrates.

perching ducks

wood ducks

bay ducks (shallow divers)

mallards

sea ducks (deep divers)

buffleheads and mergansers.

tree ducks

whistling ducks

pond

body of water shallow enough for a rooted plant to exist from shoreline to shoreline

lake

body of water surrounded by land too deep for rooted plants to exist from shoreline to shoreline.

marsh

seasonal body of water characterized by emergent plant growth (grasses and arrowheads)

swamp

seasonal body of water characterized by woody plants

bog

system characterized by a lack of inflow and outflow. Stagnant system and is highly acidic. Lots of carnivorous plants and orchids.

lentic system formations

1. Glacial Erosion/Deposition

2. Kettle Formations: as glaciers melted, big chunks fell off and created depression in the land, as they were melting.

3. Blockage in Lotic Systems

4. Extinct Volcanoes

5. Shifts in the Earth’s Crust

littoral zone (life zone)

where sunlight reaches the bottom. Lots of plant growth and life. Shallow water.

limnetic zone (life zone)

open-water zone as far as light exists/penetrates. Active, rich in phytoplankton, and aquatic life.

benthic zone

lowest layer. Area of decomposition → lots of recycling, have both aerobic and anaerobic life.

epilimnion (temperature zone)

upper layer/lake. Area of life cover or warmer water.

metalimnion (temperature zone)

middle lake. Synonymous with the thermocline, this zone represents the transitional layer where temperature changes rapidly with depth.

hypolimnion

lower lake. Coldest part of system.

emergent

plants emerging from shoreline - roots below water, leaves and stems above water.

submerged

made of pond and water weeds. lake support and directly absorb CO2 from water into their leaves.

floating

plants floating on surface, can be rooted and not rooted.

dandelion

good for nutrients, cure warts, carries weeds, and leaves can be used to make wine.

willow

gave rise to the development of aspirin. Chemical salicylic acid.

foxglove

herb from EU changing Western Medicine → from using whole plant to isolating compounds of the plants (Digitalis - speeds up heart)

black cherry

inner bark used for respiratory (heat application, if there is no heat applied, can die of cyanide poisoning).

garlic

terrific killing herb. Is antibiotic viral, fungal, clears cholesterol, bring up mucus from lungs, flavors tomato sauce, and used for deworming

infusion

steeped tea, using the soft parts of plants

decoction

uses the hard parts of plants, bark or roots. Put roots in water, bring to boil, then take off a steep.

tinctures

synonymous with extract. Combine herb with solvent (alcohol). 4 oz of herb in 1 pint of solvent, give it a shake, letting it sit for 2 weeks.

capsules

encapsulating dry herbs into a capsule

oils

distillation process, used as inhalants

compress/poultices

take a cotton cloth, soak it in liquid, apply externally to wound/sore. ex; mustard plant to get blood circulating to help with healing

what trees like to get their feet wet?

willow and cottonwood

what trees tolerate water?

black cherry, white ash, and red maple.

american beech

look like elephant legs

white pine

needles in clusters of 5 and soft.

austrian pine

dark green needs in clusters of 2 and stiff.

white oak

bark is light and rough, acorns mature in 1 year - all the same size, leaves are rounded. family = beech

eastern cottonwood

common buckthorn

family = Rhamnaceae / buckthorn

ash

family = Oleaceae (olive family)

what are the three dominant hardwoods?

american beech, sugar maple, and yellow birch