Chapter 2: Endocrine System

Flashcards covering the major concepts of the Endocrine System from the lecture notes.

How does the endocrine system send messages?

Hormones released into the bloodstream carry signals to the brain and other tissues.

What are the signaling molecules of the endocrine system called?

Hormones produced by glands.

Where do endocrine messages travel?

Through the bloodstream to the brain and other tissues.

Which gland is the 'master gland' of the endocrine system?

The pituitary gland.

Which brain region controls the pituitary gland?

The hypothalamus.

What does the pituitary regulate in other glands?

Other glands such as the thyroid.

Name two hormones produced by the pituitary gland.

Growth hormone and oxytocin.

What is the 'bonding' hormone produced by the pituitary?

Oxytocin.

Which gland secretes melatonin?

The pineal gland.

Which brain structure regulates the sleep-wake cycle via melatonin?

The suprachiasmatic nucleus.

What external signal influences melatonin production?

Light detected by the retina.

What hormone primarily secreted by the thyroid gland controls metabolism?

Thyroxin.

What effects does thyroxin have on metabolism and energy?

It governs metabolism, affecting alertness, energy, and body weight.

What are effects of an overactive thyroid?

Insomnia, reduced attention span, agitation.

What are effects of too little thyroxin?

Feeling constantly tired.

What are the main hormones released by the adrenal glands?

Adrenaline/epinephrine, noradrenaline/norepinephrine, and cortisol.

What nervous system activates the adrenal glands during stress?

The sympathetic 'fight or flight' nervous system.

What are the main physiological effects of adrenal hormones?

Increased heart rate, blood pressure, and blood sugar.

What hormones does the pancreas secrete to regulate blood sugar?

Insulin and glucagon.

What organ regulates blood-sugar levels?

The pancreas.

What do ovaries and testes secrete?

Estrogens and androgens (testosterone).

What roles do gonadal hormones play?

Development, aggression, and sexual drive.