Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1-6 Review

Vocabulary flashcards covering basic anatomy and physiology terms, directional terminology, body regions, body systems, and homeostatic concepts.

Anatomy

The study of the structure and the shape of the body and its parts.

Physiology

The study of how the body and its parts work or function.

Levels of Structural Organization

The hierarchy from smallest to largest: atoms, cells, tissues, organs, organ systems, and organisms.

Integumentary System

System comprised of skin, hair, nails, or external coverings.

Skeletal System

System consisting of bones, cartilage, and joints that supports the body.

Muscular System

System that works with the skeletal system to allow the body to move by contracting and shortening muscles.

Nervous System

The body's control system, made up of the brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory receptors.

Endocrine System

System that produces hormones in glands to help with growth and homeostasis.

Cardiovascular System

System made up of the heart and blood vessels that delivers oxygen, nutrients, and hormones.

Lymphatic System

System involved in defense against infection and disease that returns leaks to the bloodstream.

Respiratory System

System made up of the lungs, air passages, and breathing muscles that supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.

Digestive System

System extending from the esophagus to the anus that breaks down food and delivers nutrients to the blood.

Urinary System

System made up of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra that removes nitrogen waste and excess.

Reproductive System

System producing eggs, sperm, sex cells, and hormones to reproduce.

Five Survival Needs

Nutrients, oxygen, water, normal body temperature, and atmospheric pressure.

Anterior (Ventral)

Directional term meaning in front of or towards the front of the body.

Posterior (Dorsal)

Directional term meaning behind or in the back of.

Superior

Directional term meaning above.

Inferior

Directional term meaning below.

Medial

Directional term meaning towards the middle.

Intermediate

Directional term meaning between medial and lateral.

Proximal

Directional term meaning close.

Distal

Directional term meaning far.

Superficial

Directional term meaning external.

Deep

Directional term meaning internal.

Median (Midsagittal) Plane

Body plane that divides the body into equal left and right parts.

Frontal (Coronal) Plane

Body plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior parts.

Transverse Plane

Body plane that divides the body into superior and inferior parts.

Buccal (Bucal)

Regional term referring to the cheek area.

Pubic

Regional term referring to the genital area.

Scapular

Regional term referring to the shoulder blade region.

Femoral

Regional term referring to the thigh.

Sural

Regional term referring to the posterior surface of the leg, also known as the calf.

Brachial

Regional term referring to the arm.

Umbilical

Regional term referring to the navel or belly button.

Abdominal

Regional term referring to the anterior trunk, anterior to the ribs.

Inguinal

Regional term referring to the groin area.

Antecubital

Regional term referring to the anterior surface of the elbow.

Cervical

Regional term referring to the neck region.

Lumbar

Regional term referring to the lower back.

Occipital

Regional term referring to the posterior surface of the head or base of the skull.

Gluteal

Regional term referring to the buttock area.

Popliteal

Regional term referring to the posterior knee area.

Four Body Cavities

Cranial, spinal, thoracic, and abdominopelvic cavities.

Homeostasis

The maintenance of relatively stable internal conditions; a dynamic state of equilibrium or balance necessary for normal body functioning and sustaining life.

Homeostatic Imbalance

A disturbance in homeostasis resulting in disease.

Negative Feedback Loops

Homeostatic mechanisms that work like a household thermostat to maintain balance; they are the most common loops in homeostatic control.

Positive Feedback Loops

Homeostatic mechanisms that work against balance.

Metabolism

All chemical reactions occurring in the body.