p-Block Elements: Oxy Acids and Hydrolysis

Comprehensive vocabulary flashcards covering p-block chemistry concepts including oxy acids, hydrolysis mechanisms, allotropes of carbon and phosphorus, and specific chemical naming conventions from the lecture.

Simple Anhydride

An acidic oxide that forms only one type of oxy acid upon reaction with $H_2O$, such as $CO_2$ forming $H_2CO_3$.

Mixed Anhydride

An acidic oxide that forms two types of oxy acids upon reaction with $H_2O$, such as $NO_2$ forming $HNO_2$ and $HNO_3$.

Marshall's Acid

Peroxodisulphuric acid with the chemical formula $H_2S_2O_8$.

Oleum

Also known as pyrosulphuric acid, with the chemical formula $H_2S_2O_7$, formed by the reaction of $SO_3$ and $H_2SO_4$.

Caro's Acid

Peroxomonosulphuric acid with the chemical formula $H_2SO_5$.

Polythionic Acid

Oxy acids of sulfur with the general formula $H_2S_nO_6$ where the oxidation state of sulfur is $+5$ and the number of S-S linkages is $n-1$.

Phosphonic Acid

The alternative name for phosphorous acid, $H_3PO_3$, which contains one P-H bond and has a basicity of $2$.

Phosphinic Acid

The alternative name for hypophosphorous acid, $H_3PO_2$, which contains two P-H bonds and is a monobasic acid.

Hydrolysis

A nucleophilic substitution reaction (typically $S_N2$ mechanism) where $H_2O$ acts as a nucleophile attacking an electrophile with a vacant orbital.

Antimonyl chloride

$SbOCl$, produced through the partial hydrolysis of $SbCl_3$.

White pearl

Bismuthyl chloride ($BiOCl$), a white precipitate formed during the partial hydrolysis of $BiCl_3$.

Aquadug

An aqueous solution of graphite.

Plumbago

Another name for graphite, commonly used in the manufacture of lead pencils.

Buckmeinster fullerene

$C_{60}$, a pure allotrope of carbon consisting of $32$ rings ($12$ pentagonal and $20$ hexagonal) in a bucky ball shape.

Dangling Bond

New bonds formed by surface carbon atoms in diamond or graphite that have free valency and bind with impurities; these are absent in fullerene.

Phosphorecence

The phenomenon where white phosphorus glows in the dark due to slow oxidation.

Ozonide

A mixture of $O_2$ and $O_3$ produced in small amounts when $F_2$ reacts with $H_2O$, given that $F_2$ is the only non-metal capable of oxidising water.

Carbon suboxide

$C_3O_2$, or $O=C=C=C=O$, formed by the dehydration of malonic acid ($CH_2(COOH)_2$) using $P_4O_{10}$.

Charring of sugar

The dehydration of sucrose ($C_{12}H_{22}O_{11}$) by concentrated $H_2SO_4$ to produce a black mass of carbon black and water.

Transition Temperature (Sulfur)

$95.6^{\circ}\text{C}$, the temperature at which both rhombic sulfur ($\alpha-S$) and monoclinic sulfur ($\beta-S$) are stable.