GCSE History; Medicine Through Time

Who are two key individuals in the medieval period?

Galen and Hippocrates!

What were the four humours?

Yellow bile, black bile, blood & phlegm

What was 'Miasma Theory'?

The theory that bad air caused disease

What were humoural treatments?

Bloodletting and purging

What was the 'Theory of Opposites'?

The idea that to be healthy your humours had to be balanced

What did people think caused disease in the medieval period?

God, miasma, humours and astrology

How long did physicians go to university for?

7-10 years

Who could afford physicians?

Only the wealthy elite

What was the name for the list of rules on how to stay healthy in the medieval period?

Regimen Sanitatis

Who were the most experienced, practical medical professional in the medieval period?

Barber surgeons

Which medical professional could everyone access?

Wise women

What did apothecaries offer?

Herbal remedies and poison

How many hospitals were there by 1500?

1100

What did hospitals offer in the medieval period?

Care not cure', mainly to pilgrims and travellers

When did the Black Death arrive in England?

1348

What was the main symptom of the Black Death?

Buboes

What were the main beliefs about the causes of the Black Death?

God's punishment, miasma, astrology

How did people try to treat the Black Death?

Praying, fasting, lancing buboes

Why was government intervention (quarantine laws) not effective in the medieval period?

The Church was too powerful so people still wanted to attend, meaning the disease continued to spread

How did people try to prevent the Black Death?

Flagellation, praying, evacuating, herbs

How did people try to treat disease in the Renaissance?

Continuity from the medieval; humoural and religious treatments

What was a new treatment in the Renaissance?

Transference, remedies from the New World, chemical cures (alchemy)

How did hospitals change in the Renaissance?

People could now go to pest houses to treat infectious diseases such as the plague

When did the Great Plague arrive in London?

1665

How many people died of the Great Plague in London?

100,000

What were the main beliefs about the causes of the Great Plague?

Continuity from the medieval; God and miasma

What did the government do to stop the spread of the Great Plague?

Banned public meetings, quarantine laws, cleaning streets, employing searchers and watchers to check who has the plague and paint the red cross, killed 40,000 dogs and 200,000 cats

Who were the three main individuals in the Renaissance?

William Harvey, Andreas Vesalius, Thomas Sydenham

What was the name of Vesalius' book on anatomy?

On the Fabric of the Human Body (1543)

Which two diseases did Sydenham find the difference between?

Measles and scarlet fever

When was the printing press invented?

1440 (biggest impact in the Renaissance)

When was the Royal Society formed?

1660

What was the name of the Royal Society's journal?

Philosophical Transactions

Which King endorsed the Royal Society?

Charles II

What did William Harvey discover?

The blood was pumped around the body by the heart, not the liver as Galen had suggested (1628)

How many mistakes did Vesalius find in Galen's work?

300

What could the first microscope see?

Animalcules

How many hospitals were left by 1700 because of the dissolution of the monasteries?

5

Did people still believe that God caused disease in the Industrial period?

No, people now looked for scientific explanations

Did people still believe that the four humours caused disease in the Industrial period?

No

What theory was developed in the early 18th century about the cause of disease?

Spontaneous generation

What was germ theory, when was it published and by whom?

The idea that germs caused disease, published by Louis Pasteur in 1861

Who built on Louis Pasteur's ideas?

Robert Koch who identified the specific bacteria that caused different diseases, e.g, proved anthrax was caused by the bacteria, “Bacillus anthracis” (1876)

Why was Florence Nightingale significant?

- Pavilion-style hospitals
- Sanitation approach, e.g, regular hand washing
- Trained professional nurses
- Crimean War => English death rates dropped to 2%
- Notes on Nursing (1859) and St Thomas Hospital (1860)

What was the first antiseptic and who discovered it?

Carbolic acid, James Lister (1865)

What was the first anaesthetic and who discovered it?

Chloroform, James Simpson (1857)

When was vaccination discovered and by whom?

Edward Jenner (1796)

When did the government introduce compulsory smallpox vaccination?

1852

When was the compulsory Public Health Act introduced?

1875

Who discovered the link between cholera and dirty water and when?

John Snow, 1854

What was the first magic bullet and when was it discovered?

Salvarsan 606, 1909

When was penicillin discovered and by whom?

Fleming, 1928

Who developed penicillin and when?

Florey and Chain during WW2, with the support of US and UK governments (Widely distributed by 1944)

When was DNA discovered and by whom?

1953, Watson and Crick (Used X-ray photos taken by Rosalind Franklin and Maurice Wilkins)

When was smoking and lung cancer linked?

1950

When was the NHS founded?

1948

How is illness and disease diagnosed in the modern period?

Blood tests, CT scans, MRI, ultrasound, ECGs, endoscopes

What new types of surgery were developed in the modern period?

Keyhole surgery, robotic surgery and transplants

How is lung cancer treated?

Chemotherapy, radiotherapy and transplants

What are examples of healthy lifestyle campaigns in the modern period?

Change4Life, 5 a Day, Stop Smoking, Drinkaware

What laws were brought in in 2007 to help prevent lung cancer?

Smoking banned in workplaces and legal age to buy increased from 16 to 18

When was the Human Genome Project launched?

1990

What were three main illnesses caused by the trench environment?

Trench foot, trench fever and shell shock

How was trench foot prevented?

Whale oil and changing socks

How was trench foot treated?

Amputation

What helmet was introduced in 1915 to prevent head injuries?

Brodie helment

By what % were fatal head wounds reduced after the introduction of the new helmet in 1915?

80%

What three types of gas were used on the Western Front?

Mustard, phosgene and chlorine

What was the bloodiest battle of the Western Front and how many casualties were there on the first day?

Somme, 57,000

Which battle used stored blood in blood banks for the first time?

The Battle of Cambrai, 1917 (specifically by Oswald Robertson)

What were the stages in the chain of evacuation?

RAP, ADS, CCS, Base Hospitals

Who carried soldiers away from the frontline?

Stretcher bearers

Where were RAPs located?

Very close to the frontline, about 200m away

Which part of the army was responsible for medical care?

RAMC

What was the name of the women's voluntary organisation who supported medical care on the Western Front?

FANY

Where were Base Hospitals located and why?

Near the coast so soldiers could get back to England and away from the fighting

What was the name for mobile X-Ray units on the Western Front?

Little Curies'

How many men had amputations by 1918?

240,000

How did British troops take Hill 60 at the First Battle of Ypres?

Mines

How was brain surgery developed on the Western Front?

Use of magnets to remove shrapnel and local anaesthetic

What new type of surgery was developed on the Western Front by Harold Gillies?

Plastic surgey

How many Battles took place at Ypres? (1914 - 1917)

3

What took place at the First Battle of Ypres?

Trench warfare (October- November 1914)

What were the danger of using anaesthetics in the Industrial period?

Could lead to overdoses, leading to adverse reactions and possible death

What was widely used in the Second Battle of Ypres?

Chlorine gas (by German soldiers)

What made the Battle of Passchendaele harder for stretcher bearers?

Torrential rainfall causing excessively muddy conditions, so stretcher bearers found carrying wounded soldiers more difficult.

Who discovered Salvarsan 606?

Paul Ehlirch and Sahachiro Hata (1909)

What were the sections of the triage system?

1) Walking wounded (minor injuries)
2) Need urgent treatment (serious but treatable injuries)
3) No chance of survival (critical injuries)

What was the first immunosuppressant and who found it?

Azathioprine (1957), discovered by George Hitchings and Gertrude Elion

What was the Thomas Splint?

A metal frame that kept a broken leg elevated and immobilised, which reduced broken bone movement.

By what percentage did deaths from broken femurs reduce when the Thomas Splint was introduced?

80% to 20% —> Death rates decreased by 60%

What was Sydenham medical journal called?

Observationes Medicae (1676)

When were blood types discovered and by whom?

Karl Landsteiner, 1901

What was commonly used prevent wounds from getting infected on the Western Front?

Carrel-Dakin solution (sodium hypochlorite solution)

How and who disproved the theory of spontaneous generation?

Louis Pasteur and the swan-neck flash experiment (1861)