Chemistry in the Environment
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43 Terms
what is chemistry known as?
central science
what does not happen without chemistry?
biology
what is physics and its laws based off of?
matter
what does physics and its laws consist of?
molecules and compounds
what are atoms?
the basic unit of matter
what does the nucleus contain?
protons and neutrons
what do electrons do?
move around the nucleus
what is an element?
a substance that can’t be broken down into other substances
how many elements are there that occur naturally?
92
how many other elements did scientists create in a lab?
about 26
how do atoms combine by bonding?
covalent and ionic bonds
covalent bonds
electrons are shared
ionic bonds
electrons are transferred
what is a molecule?
2 or more atoms joined by covalent bonds
what is a compound?
substance composed of atoms of 2 or more different elements
what are organic compounds?
consists of covalently bonded carbon atoms and often include other elements, especially hydrogen
what are hydrocarbons?
organic compounds, such as petroleum, that contains only hydrogen and carbon
what are inorganic compounds?
lacks carbon-to-carbon bonds
what are solutions?
mixtures in which all ingredients are equally distributed
what can mixtures be?
solids, liquids, or gases
what are macromolecules?
large compounds that are essential to life
what are proteins?
serve many functions; bones, skin, hair, muscles
what are nucleic acids?
genetic material, includes DNA and RNA
what are carbohydrates?
provides energy and structure; includes sugar, starch, and cellulose
what do polar molecules mix well with?
with other polar molecules and will not mix with nonpolar molecules
what are the importances of water
covers 71% of earth, the most abundant compound in most living things, floats when frozen, acting as an insulator for fish, and regulates global temperatures
what does water do when frozen?
it expands, which is rare
why does ice float and provide insulation for aquatic life beneath it?
ice has air trapped in it and floats, which insulates all the life under it
what would happen if ice sunk?
nothing would survive in cold water
what can farmers use ice for?
to insulate crops
what is high specific heat?
takes a lot of energy to heat it up
what is cohesion?
because of polarity, water molecules are attracted to other water molecules
what is high surface tension?
caused by cohesion, where the surface layer of water acts like it has a film on it
what does cohesion and surface tension allow insects to do?
walk on water
what is adhesion?
because of polarity, water molecules are attracted to other molecules
what does adhesion cause?
capillary action, where water molecules will “tow” each other along when in a tube
what are some examples of adhesion?
plant roots absorbing water and paper towels soaking up water
what does the seperation of water molecules into ions cause?
solutions to be acidic, basic, or neutral
what does the pH scale measure?
how acidic or basic a solution is
pH of 7 (neutral)
equal concentrations of H+ and OH-
pH below 7 (acidic)
relatively high concentration of H+
pH above 7 (basic)
relatively high concentration of OH-