chapter 9: school age

introduction

School-age developmental period

- Extends over 7 years

- Longest of five developmental stages

- Starts when child enters kindergarten (usually 5 1/2 - 6 years old)

- Lasts until age 13

early school age

-Dependence and magical thinking

-Boys play with boys; girls with girls until pre-adolescent

later school-age period

- Begins to enter prepubescence

- Relate to peers as much or more than family

erik erikson's theory

Theory of psychosocial development

- Industry versus inferiority stage-

Industry is feeling of competence and mastery

- May develop a sense of inferiority

- Judging their performance against others

jean piaget's theory

Theory of cognitive development

- Stage of concrete operations

- Abstract thinking is not yet available

- May misinterpret metaphorical phrases or analogies

- Develop strategies for remembering

end of school-age period

Marked by prepubescence

-Develop secondary sex characteristics

-earlier transition in girls

communication

-Vocabulary expands

-Reading efficiency improves language skills.

-More complex grammatical forms are used.

-Development of metalinguistic awareness

-Metaphors are beginning to be understood in late school age

-They WATCH their family closely

social and emotional development

• In tune with feelings

• Express themselves emotionally

• Demonstrate patterns of acceptance and flexibility

• Support learning to cope with stressors and stressful situations

• Social networks

anticipatory guidance

-School behaviors

-After-school activities and supervision

-Meals and snacks

-No-experimentation rule

-Restrictions and limitations

-Equipment safety

-Consistent discipline

school-age health concerns

-screenings

-infectious disease

-lice

-food allergies

-childhood obesity

-emotional health

-rates of autism

-ADHD and ADD

-school bullying

obesity

-contributing factors:

a. poor eating habits

b. limited exercise

c. increased body mass

-increased risk of being overweight adult

family education

-Encourage healthful eating and overall activity

- Reduce screen time

- Do not promote dieting

- Teach American Cancer Society's dietary recommendations

Health Issues Common to the School-Age Child

Food allergies

- Potential for a severe reaction at school

- Peanut allergy

• Carry injectable intramuscular epinephrine

• Keep spare injector in secure location at school

• Call emergency assistance when a reaction is suspected

assessment of school age

1. Head- shape, circumference

• EENT-Drainage, swelling, PERRLA, MM

• Resp- rate, WOB, retractions, adventitious BS

• Cardiac-murmur, rate, rhythm

• GI-distended, flat, soft, tender

• GU- drainage, odor, pain

• Integumentary-lesions, bruising, petechia, blisters, redness, edema, rash

• Musculoskeletal-deformity, pain, edema

• Developmental Milestones