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Ecology and field Biology Exam 1
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1
What 8 things defines something as alive?
1. ability to assimilate/use energy
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2. ability to respond to their environment
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3. ability to maintain a relatively stable internal tempt
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4. ability to reproduce
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5. ability to grow and develop
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6. have evolved from other living things
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7. are highly organized
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8. are composed of one or more cells who's information is encoded in DNA
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***What are the steps of the scientific method?***
1. observe a phenomena
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2. narrow focus to a specific question
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3. formulate a TESTABLE hypothesis
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4. design an experiment to TEST the hypothesis
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5. analyze data and display results in figures/tables
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6. conclude how the findings relate to the big picture
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Does an investigator have to finish ALL the steps of the scientific method before starting over?
no
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What is a variable?
an adjustable condition in an experiment, may be biotic or abiotic
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what is the difference between biotic and abiotic variables
Biotic factors are living things; such as plants, animals, and bacteria
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Abiotic factors are non-living components; such as water, soil and tempt.
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What makes a good hypothesis?
It is specific, testable and falsifiable.
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What is the difference between and independent and dependent variable?
the independent variable is the variable that is changed/manipulated (x axis)
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the dependent variable is the variable being measured, its outcome depends on the independent variable (y axis)
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When should you use bar graphs or histograms?
when comparing groups
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when should you use line graphs or scatter plots?
to show trends across time, tempt, or to show relationship between 2 variables
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what is the difference between a scientific theory and a non-scientific theory?
non-scientific theories are typically ideas or hypotheses
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a scientific theory is a general set of principles supported by evidence that explains some aspect of nature
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What is the chief unifying principle of biology?
evolution
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What is ecology?
The study of interactions between organisms and their environment
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What are the four different levels of study in ecology and how are they defined?
1. INDIVIDUAL: study of individual organisms in an environment
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2. POPULATION: all members of a species in the same geographic area at the same time
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3. COMMUNITY: populations of all species in the same geographic area
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4. ECOSYSTEM: community of organisms and the physical environment they interact with (abiotic and biotic factors)
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What is the difference between a food chain and a food web?
a FOOD CHAIN is a linear transfer of energy between organisms in an ecosystem from producers to consumers
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a FOOD WEB is the interconnection of all food chains in a particular ecosystem
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What are the different trophic levels?
PRIMARY PRODUCERS: autotrophs convert solar energy to chemical energy (plants)
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PRIMARY CONSUMERS: herbivores
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SECONDARY CONSUMERS: carnivores that eat herbivores
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TERTIARY CONSUMERS: carnivores that eat other carnivores
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What trophic level are humans typically found in?
secondary or tertiary consumers
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What are the four main elements that make up the human body?
C arbon
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H ydrogen
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O xygen
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N itrogen
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_____ elements make up _____ % of the human body.
10
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99%
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What are the 8 properties of water?
POLARITY: water has different charges within the molecule (pulls apart ions)
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COHESION: water clings to each other because of attractive forces (allows water to travel up plant stems/trunks)
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SURFACE TENSION: water molecules pack tightly at the surface because they are not attracted to air (allows organisms to "walk" on water)
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UNIVERSAL SOLVENT: water can dissolve more substances that any other liquid (can pull compounds apart)
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DENSER in liquid form (organisms can survive under the ice of frozen water since ice floats)
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HIGH HEAT OF VAPORIZATION (organisms cool by sweating)
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HIGH SPECIFIC HEAT means more energy required to raise tempt 1°C (water acts as a buffer to tempt changes)
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MOLECULAR ATTRACTION: hydrophobic (molecules contain water) vs hydrophillic
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What is cell theory?
all living organisms are made up of one or more cells
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cells come from existing cells
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What are the 3 modern additions to cell theory?
1. cells use energy and have metabolism
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2. all cells have similar chemical composition
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3. most cells have genetic information in the form of DNA
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Which domains are made up of prokaryotic cells and which one has eukaryotic cells?
bacteria and archaea are prokaryotic
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plants, animals, fungi, and protists are eukaryotic
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Why are cells so small and what is the benefit of having greater surface area to volume ratio?
cells are small because it increases their surface area to volume ratio, meaning they are more efficient in transporting stuff in and out of the cell
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What is a virus and why are they considered nonlivng?
a virus is an infectious particle consisting of an RNA/DNA genome enclosed in a protein coat (capsid), it must HIJACK cells to reproduce
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it is considered nonliving because it CANNOT REPRODUCE or CARRY OUT METABOLIC PROCESSES outside the host cell
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What domain of life contains extremophiles?
archaea
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What are the 5 main differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells?
PROKARYOTIC
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small
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always single celled
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no nucleus
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no membrane bound organelles
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single, circular chromosome
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EUKARYOTIC
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large
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often multicellular
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nucleus
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membrane bound organelles
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multiple, linear chromosomes
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Identify and define the two theories for the origin of organelles.
AUTOGENESIS: infoldings of prokaryote plasma led to compartmentalization
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ENDOSYMBIOSIS: one organism engulfed the other, which then became an organelle
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What are the 3 differences between plant and animal cells?
Animal cells do not contain a cell wall, vacuoles, or chloroplasts
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What are the first two laws of thermodynamics?
1. Energy can neither be created nor destroyed, only transformed into different forms.
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2. As energy moves from order to disorder, entropy increases and heat is lost
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What is the difference between an exergonic and endergonic reaction? What type of reaction are cellular respiration and photosynthesis considered?
EXERGONIC: reactants contain more energy than products (cellular respiration)
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ENDERGONIC: products contain more energy than reactants (photosynthesis)
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What is the purpose of cellular respiration? What are the reactants? The products?
PURPOSE: to produce energy (ATP)
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REACTANTS: glucose and oxygen
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PRODUCTS: carbon dioxide, water, ATP, and heat
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What are the four thermoregulatory strategies animals employ?
ENDOTHERMIC: body tempt maintained by metabolic heat
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ECTOTHERMIC: body tempt controlled by external sources
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POIKILOTHERM: animals who's body tempt fluctuates with the environment
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HOMEOTHERM: animals with relatively constant body tempt
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What is the difference between vasodialation and vasoconstriction?
VASODIALATION: widening of superficial blood vessels
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VASOCONSTRICTION: constricting of superficial blood vessels
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What is the difference between conduction and convection?
CONDUCTION: the direct transfer of heat
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CONVECTION: transfer of heat via movement of air/water across a surface
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What are some MORPHOLOGICAL adaptations to thermoregulation?
hair
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feathers
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fat (blubber)
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What are some BEHAVIORAL adaptations to thermoregulation?
basking
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burrowing
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huddling
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What are some PHYSIOLOGICAL adaptations to thermoregulation?
sweating
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