Genes and Genomes

Chapters 1 and 9

Central Dogma

A theory stating that genetic information flows only in one direction. DNA to RNA then RNA to protein. Involves transcription and translation.

DNA

Two strands that carries a double helix structure and contains all genetic coding

RNA

Single-strand molecule who has a job in protein synthesis. Translates genetic information from DNA to proteins

Template polymerization

is a process in which nucleic acids are synthesized using a DNA or RNA strand as a template, guiding the sequence of the new strand.

cellular membrane

protective barrier found in all living cells

Energy

Every cells needs energy by using ATP or GTP.

Gene

Linear sequence of DNA that pairs a sequence with RNA. Responsible for making proteins

Genome

contains all the gene information of organisms

Human Genome Project

Theory that humans had 25,000 genes. Determined base pairs and sequences of human DNA

replication

exact copy of DNA in all organisms

transcription

synthesize RNA from a DNA template. Role of gene expression and protein synthesis

Translation

ribosomes use genetic code to form proteins

Domains

Taxonomic ranking of organisms

Prokaryotes

lacks nucleus and other organelles. Ex) bacteria and archea

Eukaryotes

contains nucleus, membrane bound organs, and larger than prok. cells

Mutations

change the amino acid sequence of the encoded protein in predictable ways.

Horizontal Transfer

Genes and genomes information exchanged between different species

vertical transfer

transfer of genetic material from parents to offspring

Gene duplication

one or more segments of DNA in genes is copied

Ortholog genes

genes in different species evolved from common ancestral gene after distinct events

Paralog genes

genes with the same species evolved from gene duplication

Homolog gene

inherited genes in different species from a sharing ancestor

E. Coli

rod-shaped cell living in humans and vertebrates. Shows replication and decode of gene expression to make proteins

Saccharomyces cerevisiae

reproduces quickly and carries eukaryote tasks. Used to discover cell division cycle, nucleus, and daughter cells

Homo sapiens

Humans