Plant Cells

Plasma membrane

Regulates what enters + leaves the cell

What 3 things is the plasma membrane composed of?

1. Lipids

2. Proteins

3. Carbs

Which microstructure has a bilayer structure?

Plasma membrane

What is the function of the plasma membrane’s bilayer structure?

To restrict other compounds from entering the cell

Cytoplasm

Protoplasm w/in cell excluding nucleus

Mitochondrion

ATP - cellular respiration

What does the mitochondrion convert?

Carbohydrates into energy (ATP)

What cell microstructure also contains DNA that codes for important traits like male sterility?

Mitochondrion

Cytoskeleton

• Structural support

• Movement of cell components

What 3 structures make up the cytoskeleton?

1. Microtubule

2. Intermediate filament

3. Actin filament

Nucleus

• Stores cell hereditary material (DNA)

• Coordinates cell activities

What 3 things js the nucleolus composed of?

1. Protein

2. RNA

3. DNA

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Ribosome synthesis

Nuclear envelope

Double membrane surrounding nucleus, protects the nucleus

Nuclear pore

Regulates movement of molecules between nucleus and cytoplasm

What is the highway in which things move/transport?

Nuclear pore

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

• Contains ribosomes

• Protein production

What cell microstructure consists of connected, flattened sacs that synthesize proteins?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

What cell microstructure has ribsomes embedded on the outer surface of their membrane?

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

• Synthesis, secretion, storage of lipids

• Metabolism of carbs

Golgi complex

Process + package macromolecules, proteins, + lipids

What cell microstructure consists of flattened, stacked “pouches”?

Golgi apparatus

Peroxisome

• C metabolism

• Abiotic stress response

• Pathogen defense

• Detoxifies cell by converting hydrogen peroxide to water

Cell wall

Outer layer in some organisms that provides support

Is the cell wall dead or living material?

Dead, not living

3 components of the cell wall

1. Polysaccharide materials

2. Lignin

3. Pectins

Polysaccharide Materials

Long-chained simple sugars

2 types of polysaccharide materials

1. Cellulose

2. Hemicellulose

Cellulose

Unbranched polymers

Hemicellulose

Branched polymers

Lignin

Polymers of phenolic acids

Lignification

Lignin will harden cellulose walls

Pectins

Acidic polysaccharides that act like cementing agents in cell wall depositions

Characteristics of cell wall composition

Cellulose chains are “braided” to form micelles which are braided into microfibrils which are braided into macrofibrils

2 types of cell wall

1. Primary

2. Secondary

Primary cell wall

• Usually less than 1\mum

• Found in young, growing parenchyma cells

Which cell wall is deposited following cell enlargement?

Secondary

Which cell wall contains large amounts of lignin?

Secondary

Where are secondary cell walls mostly found?

In vascular tissue

Which cell wall is thicker + stronger?

Secondary

Adjacent cell wall

Glued together by a sticky substance between their walls

Chloroplast

Organelle containing thylakoids, the sites of photosynthesis

Where is chloroplast found?

Only in plants and green algae

What 2 things does chloroplast convert?

1. Light energy into chemical energy

2. Carbon dioxide + water into sugars, fatty acids, and amino acids

Central vacuole

Storage compartment for water, sugar, ions, and pigments in plants

Tonoplast

• Membrane surrounding the central vacuole

• Selective of what goes in + out of the vacuole

Plasmodesmata

• Openings in the cell wall that function in cell to cell communication

• Allow things to move from cell to cell

Middle lamella

The pectic layer lying between the primary cell walls of adjoining cells

Where does photosynthesis happen?

Chloroplast

1

Cytoskeleton

1A

Microtubule

1B

Intermediate filament

1C

Actin filament

2

Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

3

Golgi complex

4

Nucleus

4A

Nucleolus

4B

Nuclear envelope

4C

Nuclear pore

5

Rough endoplasmic reticulum

6

Ribosomes

7

Mitochondrion

8

Plasma membrane

9

Cell wall

10

Adjacent cell wall

11

Plasmodesmata

12

Tonoplast

13

Central Vacuole

14

Peroxisome

15

Chloroplast

16

Cytoplasm