Biology Chapter 1

abstract

opening section of a scientific paper that summarizes the research and conclusions

applied science

form of science that aims to solve real world problems

atom

smallest and most fundamental unit of matter that retains the properties of an element

basic science

science that seeks to expand knowledge and understanding regardless of the short-term application of that knowledge

Biochemistry

The study of chemistry of biological organisms

Biology

The study of life

Biosphere

Collection of all the ecosystems on Earth

Botany

Study of plants

Cell

smallest fundamental unit of structure and function in living things

Cell Theory

all living organisms are composed of cells. Cells only arise from previous cells and are not generated spontaneously

Community

Set of populations inhabiting a specific area

Conclusion

section of a scientific paper that summarizes the importance of the experimental findings

Control

part of an experiment that does not change during the experiment

descriptive/discovery science

form of science that aims to observe, explore, and investigate

discussion

section of a scientific paper in which the author interprets experimental results, describes how variables may be related, and attempts to explain the phenomenon in question

Ecosystem

all the living things in a particular area together with the abiotic, nonliving parts of that environment

Eukaryote

organism with cells that have nuclei and membrane-bound organelles

evolution

the process of gradual change in a population or species over time

falsifiable

able to be disproven by experimental results

homeostasis

ability of an organism to maintain constant internal conditions

hypothesis

suggested explanation for an observation, which one can test

hypothesis-based science

form of science that begins with a specific question and potential testable answers

introduction

opening section of a scientific paper, which provides background information about what was known in the field prior to the research reported in the paper

life science

field of science, such as biology, that studies living things

Macromolecule

large molecule, typically formed by the joining of smaller molecules

Materials and methods

section of a scientific paper that includes a complete description of the substances, methods, and techniques that the researchers used to gather data

microbiology

study of the structure and function of microorganisms

Molecular biology

study of biological processes and their regulation at the molecular level, including interactions among molecules such as DNA, RNA, and proteins

Molecule

chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds

Natural Science

field of science that is related to the physical world and its phenomena and processes

Neurobiology

study of the biology of the nervous system

Organ

collection of related tissues grouped together performing a common function

Organ system

level of organization that consists of functionally related interacting organs

Organelle

small structures that exist within cells and carry out cellular functions

organism

individual living entity

Palentology

study of life’s history by means of fossils

peer-reviewed manuscript

scientific paper that a scientist’s colleagues review who are experts in the field of study

Phylogenetic tree

diagram showing the evolutionary relationships among various biological species based on similarities and differences in genetic or physical traits or both; in essence, a hypothesis concerning evolutionary connections

Physical science

field of science, such as geology, astronomy, physics, and chemistry, that studies nonliving matter

Plagarism

using other people’s work or ideas without proper citation, creating the false impression that those are the author’s original ideas

Population

all of the individuals of a species living within a specific area

Prokaryote

single-celled organism that lacks organelles and does not have nuclei surrounded by a nuclear membrane

Results

section of a scientific paper in which the author narrates the experimental findings and presents relevant figures, pictures, diagrams, graphs, and tables, without any further interpretation

Review articles

paper that summarizes and comments on findings that were published as primary literature

Science

knowledge that covers general truths or the operation of general laws, especially when acquired and tested by the scientific method

Scientific method

method of research with defined steps that include observation, formulation of a hypothesis, testing, and confirming or falsifying the hypothesis

Scientific theory

tested and confirmed explanation for observations or phenomena

Tissue

group of similar cells carrying out related functions

Variable

part of an experiment that the experimenter can vary or change

Zoology

Study of animals