Anatomy Lab Exercises 10, 11, 13, 14

what are the parts of the central nervous system?

brain, brainstem, and spinal cord

what are the parts of the peripheral nervous system?

cranial nerves (12), spinal nerves, and peripheral nerves

motor

muscle contraction

sensory

light touch

nucleus of multipolar neuron

big round ball of neuron

axon hillock

in between myelin sheath, going towards axon

unipolar neuron

one structure off of nucleus

bipolar neuron

two structures off of nucleus

multipolar neuron

2+ structures off of nucleus

astrocyte

blood brain barrier

schwann cells

peripheral nervous system

oligodendrocytes

cranial nervous system

ependymal cell

cerebrospinal fluid

microglial

remove bacteria

central sulcus

between pink and blue, in between frontal lobe and parietal lobe

left-sided stroke

speech impairment

precentral gyrus (primary motor cortex)

next to frontal lobe, pink in color, facial paralysis, motor/muscle impairment

postcentral gyrus (primary somatosensory cortex)

next to parietal lobe, blue in color, numbness tingling

broca’s area

left frontal lobe

wernicke’s area

left temporal lobe

cerebellum

back of brain

longitudinal fissure

dotted line, split brain into two equal parts (right and left)

optic nerve

to see

corpus callosum

allows for communication for left/right part of brain

what consists of the cerebeullum?

grey matter, white matter (arbor vitae)

olfactory nerves

above superior nasal concha

where are optic nerves?

two white dots towards middle of brain

olfactory nerve

smell

trigeminal nerve

sensation to face, allows us to chew

facial nerve

muscles of facial expression

hypoglossal nerve

muscles of the tongue

what is the order of the parts of the spinal cord?

conus medullaris (end of spinal cord), cauda equina (horse’s tail), filum terminale (anchors spinal cord in place)

ear lobe

auricle (pinna)

semicircular canals

provide balance

vestibulocochlear nerve

hearing and balance, yellow in color

tympanic membrane

ear-drum

stapes

looks like staple

auditory tube

eustachain tube

cochlea

balance, hearing, looks like snail

what does scala media include?

organ of corti

what are the parts of the cochlea?

scala vestibuli (top), scala media (includes organ of corti), scala tympani

medial canthus

small rounded part of eye on corner towards the nose

lacrimal caruncle

where tears come out of

sclera

white part of eye, structural support for eye

iris

colored part of eye

pupil

black part of eye

lateral canthus

corner of eye away from nose, where eyelids meet up

lacrimal glands

produce tears

where is optic nerve connected to?

to eyeball

cornea

outermost part of eye, considered avascular (lacks blood circulation)

anterior chamber (aqueous humor)

between cornea and iris

posterior chamber (aqueous humor)

between iris and lens

optic disk

blind spot of eye

vitreous chamber (vitreous humor)

space in rest of back of eye

retina

on outside of vitreous chamber, back of eye, dark coloring

where is optic disk located?

medially to fovea centralis

where do blood vessels come from in eye?

out of optic disk

what is plasma mostly made up of?

water

what do erythrocytes (RBC) do?

carry respiratory gases (if someone bleeds out, lower hemoglobin)

what form blood clots?

platelets (thrombocytes)

what do leukocytes (WBC) do?

fight off infection

basophil

blue cytoplasm, promote inflammation, scarce

eosinophil

pink/red cytoplasm, reduce inflammation

neutrophil

3-5 lobed nuclei, respond to infection

monocyte

kidney shaped, largest

lymphocyte

large round structure, clear cytoplasm

granulocytes

textured granules: basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil

agranulocytes

monocyte and lmphocyte

denaturing

breaking down protein into amino acids

type A blood

antigen A and anti-B antibodies present

type B blood

antigen B present and anti-A antibodies present

type AB blood

antigen A present, antigen B present, no anti antibodies

type O blood

no antigens present, anti-A antibodies and anti-B antibodies present

where do right subclavian artery branch off of?

brachiocephalic artery

where is tricuspid and bicuspid located?

tricuspid on right, bicuspid on left

AFIB

electrical configuration of heart no longer works

ligamentrum arteriosum

small structure that connects left pulmonary artery and aorta

pulmonary arteries

blue/purple, 2 of them, bring deoxygenated blood

pulmonary veins

red, 4 of them, bring oxygenated blood

order of arteries on top of heart

1. brachiocephalic artery

2. left common carotid artery

3. left subclavian artery

what is the order of the right side of heart top to bottom?

1. superior vena cava

2. right atrium

3. right ventricle

what is the order of the left side of the heart top to bottom?

1. aortic arch

2. aorta

3. pulmonary trunk

4. pulmonary artery

5. pulmonary veins

6. left atrium

7. left ventricle

left coronary artery

anterior interventricular artery

circumflex artery

left marginal artery

right coronary artery

right marginal artery

posterior interventricular artery

big hole in back of heart

IVC inferior vena cava

coronary sinus

in between left atrium and left ventricle

what color is posterior interventricular artery?

red

papillary muscles

mountain shaped

interventricular septum

between ventricles

chordae tendinae

connect to papillary muscles, attached to valves, heart strings

sinoatrial (SA) node

located on medial aspect

order of heart configuration nodes

1. SA node

2. AV node

3. bundle of his

4. right and left bundle branches

5. purkinje fibers

p wave

atrial depolarization (contract)

QRS complex

ventricular depolarization (positive)

T wave

ventricular repolarization (making negative again)

PR interval

beginning of P wave to beginning of QRS complex

QT interval

beginning of the Q wave to end of T wave