SLP Praxis: Speech Sound Development and Disorders

Vowels are acquired before...

Consonants

What sounds are among the earliest to be acquired, and at what age are they mastered?

/m/, /n/, /ng/. Mastered between ages 3 and 4

Glides are mastered by...

Between 2 and 4 years

Fricatives are mastered by..

Between 3 and 6 years

2 year old speech intelligibility

60-70%

3 year old speech intelligibility

75-80%

4 year old speech intelligibility

90-100%

Vocalization

A vowel is substituted for a syllabic consonant (apple to apo)

Gliding

Liquids are replaced by glides ("pwity" instead of "pretty")

Velar fronting

An alveolar or a dental replaces a velar (inital position)

example:

ti/ki

doʊt/goʊt

Stopping

Substitution of a stop for a fricative or affricate (ex: "dis" instead of "this")

Depalatization

Alveolar affricate for a palatal affricate (or fricative)

Ex: Wats for watch

Affrication

Fricatives are replaced by affricates (ex: "dzoo" instead of "zoo")

Deaffrication

Substitution of a fricative for an affricate (ex: "sip" instead of "ship")

Backing

A posteriorly placed consonant is produced instead of an anteriorly placed consonant (ex: "gan" instead of "dan")

Reduplication

When a child repeats a pattern (ex: "wawa" for "water")

Regressive assmiliation

Occurs due to the influence of a later occurring sound on an earlier sound (ex: "bip" for "zip")

Progressive assimilation

Also called consonant harmony

Earlier occurring sound influences later sound

Ex: kick for kiss

Voicing assmiliation

Can be either devoicing ("pik" for "pig")

Or voicing ("bad" for "pad")

Weak syllable deletion

omission of an unstressed syllable (ex: "nana" for "banana")

Final consonant deletion

deletion of the final consonant in a word (ex: "ca" for "cat")

Epenthesis

Adding an extra syllable or letters in the middle of a word (ex: "balack" for "black")

Consonant-cluster simplification

Reducing the number of consonants in a string of consonants (ex: "pun" instead of "spun")

Dimunization

adding an "ee" to the end of a word

cupee for cup, bookee for book

Metathesis

switching of the order of two sounds, each taking the place of the other (ex: "pasgeti" for "spaghetti")

Ankyloglossia

Also known as tongue-tie; a defect of the tongue characterized by a short, thick frenulum

Class I Malocclusion

The arches themselves are generally aligned properly, but some individual teeth are misaligned.

Class II Malocclusion

Overbite

Class III Malocclusion

Underbite

Why are clients asked to say 'puhtuhkuh"?

To assess the functional and structural integrity of the lips, jaw, and tongue

Dysarthria

- Caused by paralysis, weakness, or poor coordination of the speech musculature

- Stops, glides, and nasals are easier than fricatives, affricates, and liquids.

Apraxia

Impaired ability to carry out motor activities despite intact motor function