Biology Q4 (except meiosis)

Paternal Heredity

Only the father passes genes to offspring.

Gregor Mendel

Father of Genetics, discovered Laws of Inheritance.

Law of Segregation

Alleles segregate during gamete formation.

Product Law

Multiplicative rule for independent events' occurrence.

Heterozygous

Having one dominant and one recessive allele.

Punnett Square

Grid used to predict offspring genotypes.

Codominance

when the two alleles of the same gene are expressed simultaneously in the organism.

Polygenic Inheritance

Multiple genes controlling one phenotype.

Sex-linked

Governed by one of the sex chromosomes.

Epistasis

One gene that affects the expression of another gene.

Homunculus

Belief in a tiny child in every sperm.

Pangenesis

Theory of gemmules contributing to gametes.

Blending

Traits are a blend of parents' genes.

True Breeding

Parents with same traits produce offspring with same traits.

Monoecious

Having both male and female reproductive organs.

Genotype

Set of genes coding for a trait. (FF, Ff, ff)

Phenotype

Observable trait of an organism. (ex. blue petals, long stem)

Cross

Mating between two individuals.

Self-cross

Crossing a plant with itself.

Backcross

Crossing offspring with parent organism.

Law of Independent Assortment

Alleles assort independently during gamete formation.

Law of Dominance

Some alleles are dominant over others.

Genotypic Ratio

Ratio of different genotypes in offspring.

Phenotypic Ratio

Ratio of observable traits in offspring.

Sum Law

When there are multiple ways or tries for a chance outcome to occur, the overall probability is the sum of the individual events

Incomplete dominance

When a dominant allele does not completely mask the effects of a recessive allele, which results in a blend between the two characteristics.

Pleiotropy

Multiple traits are expressed as a result of a single gene