HHD unit 4 aos 1

economic characteristics

• poverty

• range of industries

• global trade

• average incomes

social characteristics

• gender equality

• birth and population rates

• education and employment rates

• social security systems

• health systems

• access to technology

• legal systems

environmental factors

• safe water and sanitation

• food security

• adequate housing

• adequate infrastructure

• levels of carbon dioxide emissions

human development

creating an environment in which people can:

• develop to their full potential and lead creative lives according to their needs and interests.

it is about:

• expanding peoples choices and enhancing capabilities

• having access to knowledge, health and a decent standard of living and participating in the life of their community and decisions affecting their lives

human development index

a tool developed by the UN to measure and rank countries level of social and economic development

hdi dimensions and indicators

• a long and healthy life

  • life expectancy at birth

• knowledge

  • mean years of schooling

  • expected years of schooling

• a decent standard of living

  • gross national income (GNI) per capita

advantages of HDI

• considers more than just average incomes, giving a more comprehensive measure of human development

• It shows opportunities for education, which reflects access to knowledge and the ability to enhance choices and capabilities.

• Average income shows the ability to access resources needed for a decent standard of living.

• The HDI has increased awareness among media, policymakers and communities about the importance of human development and helps challenge policies.

• It is a composite statistic, giving a single figure for the three dimensions and four indicators — making comparison between countries easier.

• It is useful for analysing progress over time, even if the four indicators progress at different rates.

• Life expectancy shows the ability to live a long and healthy life.

disadvantages of hdi

• Human development is complex and the HDI only reflects selected aspects — it does not measure things like gender equality, freedom of speech, discrimination, empowerment, or political participation.

• based on averages and does not show inequalities within countries — e.g. minorities, women, people with disabilities, or rural populations may have lower human development.

• No survey data are used, so people’s feelings and important aspects of wellbeing (social, emotional, mental, spiritual) are not reflected.

• Data collection can be complex and not always reliable. Different definitions and methods can make comparisons between and within countries difficult.

• Sometimes human development is mistakenly equated only with the three HDI dimensions, ignoring other key aspects like freedom, choice and capabilities.

double burden of disease

when conditions associated with both poverty and health, such as undernutrition and obesity, exist side-by-side in one community

sustainability

meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs

economic sustainability

ensuring that the average incomes in all countries are adequate to sustain a decent standard of livign and continue to rise in line with inflation costs into the future

aspects of economic sustainability

• innovation of industries

• job creation

• economic growth

• trade

social sustainability

creating an equitable society where all people can access social resources, both now and into the future.

includes:

• Access to human rights

• Education

• Health care

• Political empowerments

• Connection to community

• Building skills and capacities to improve quality of lives and increase equity, inclusion and resilience

aspects of social sustainability

• social protection

• gender equality

• access to safe and decent working conditions

• promotion of political and legal rights

• peace and security

environmental sustainability

ensuring the natural environment is used in a way that will preserve resources into the future

aspects of environmental sustainability

• biodiversity

• use of natural resources

• waste removal and pollution

• climate change

biodiversity

the variety of different plants, animals, and microorganisms, their genes and the ecosystems of which they are part of

impact of climate change

• forced relocation of people in coastal areas

• reduction in availability of fresh water

• reduced availability of food

• changes in biodiversity

• extreme weather events

impact of conflict

• high rates of injury and deaths

• increased malnutrition from food shortages and crop destruction

• high rates of mental illness and trauma

• increased prevalence of communicable diseases

• destruction of infrastructure

  • healthcare facilities

  • water and sanitation systems

  • electricity cut

  • roads damaged

  • landmines laid

• funds diverted from health, welfare and education to military spending

mass migration impacts

• increased risk of infectious diseases → poor, unsanitary, crowded living conditions for refugees

• poor mental health

• limited access to treatment → increased incidence of non-communicable diseases

• strain on healthcare system = decline in general health status in all affected populations

globalisation

the process in which boundaries between countries are reduced or eliminated allowing individuals, groups and companies to act on a global scale

impact of world trade

smoking

• increased risk of cvd, cancers

• low birth weight, premature birth and infant mortality

processed foods

• increased risk of overweight and obesity

• thus increases risk of cvd, type 2 diabetes etc.

advantages of tourism (economic)

• Plays a key role in developing jobs for local people and improves living standards
• Improves economic growth — Tourism accounts for 10 per cent of the world’s GDP, and economic growth is important if people and countries are to escape from poverty.
• Economic growth promotes jobs, providing around one in every 11 jobs
• Contributes taxes that can be used to improve infrastructure such as water supplies, telecommunications and rail improvements

advantages of tourism (social)

• Promotes local culture and products
• Contributes to social inclusiveness, with almost twice as many women than men employed in the tourism sector, contributing to gender equality.
• Can provide incentives to invest in education and training
• Promotes mutual understanding, peace and security by breaking down barriers that exist between cultures, and provides opportunities to build trust and peace
• Can increase understanding of and appreciation for people in other countries and their cultures
• Preserves cultural values and diversity, and raises awareness of the value of heritage

advantages of tourism (environmental)

• Can promote environmental protection — Tourism is effective in raising money for the conservation of wildlife and the environment.
• It can be a way of protecting and restoring biodiversity

disadvantages of tourism x4

Disadvantages of Tourism	Details
Pressure on local infrastructure and services	Tourism can put additional pressure on local infrastructure and services, which may not be able to cope with the disposal of liquid and solid wastes.
Environmental risks	Additional wastes generated by the tourism industry can pose environmental risks if they are unable to be disposed of safely.
Increased global emissions	More tourism means more transport, which increases global emissions and contributes to climate change.
Spreading of diseases within and between countries	Tourism can result in disease-producing organisms being transported rapidly from one country to another. For example, COVID-19 spread globally through international travel. Different strains of viruses can spread to countries where they did not previously exist.

impact of tourism

• increases economic activity and GDP

• more funding = improves access to healthcare

• more funds = more education (supports girls education)

• increases risk of infectious diseases

impact of digital technologies

• increased access to healthcare

• improved efficiency and sustainability of healthcare systems

• health promotion and disease prevention

• less invasive procedures