Chapter 14

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21 Terms

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Psychological disorders

Conditions that affect a person's thinking, feeling, or behavior, leading to distress and impairment in functioning.

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Medical Model

A framework for understanding mental illness that emphasizes biological factors and seeks objective diagnosis and treatment, often guided by the DSM-V.

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Comorbidity

The occurrence of two or more disorders in a single individual.

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Diathesis-Stress Model

A model that posits that disorders develop due to a combination of predispositional vulnerability (diathesis) and stressful experiences.

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Rosenhan Study (1973)

A study demonstrating that psychiatric diagnoses can lead to stigma and dehumanization.

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Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A type of anxiety disorder characterized by chronic and exaggerated worry.

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Specific Phobia

An intense fear of a particular object or situation.

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Social Phobia

Fear of social situations.

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Preparedness Theory

The idea that humans have a biological predisposition to fear specific stimuli.

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Panic Disorder

A type of anxiety disorder featuring recurrent panic attacks, often accompanied by agoraphobia.

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Agoraphobia

Fear of places where escape may be difficult.

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Claustrophobia

An intense fear of enclosed spaces.

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Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)

A mental disorder characterized by unwanted obsessive thoughts and repetitive behaviors.

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Major Depression

Characterized by persistent sadness and lack of interest.

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Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)

Depression that is tied to seasonal changes, often worsening in winter.

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Helplessness Theory

A theory explaining depression as learned helplessness from a perceived lack of control.

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Bipolar Disorder

A mood disorder characterized by episodes of mood swings ranging from depressive lows to manic highs.

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Schizophrenia

A severe mental disorder featuring symptoms such as delusions, hallucinations, and disorganized speech.

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Dopamine Hypothesis

A theory suggesting that overactivity of dopamine contributes to the development of schizophrenia.

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Developmental Disorders

Disorders such as conduct disorder, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and ADHD that affect behavior, social interaction, and attention.

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Personality Disorders

Enduring patterns of behavior and inner experience that deviate from cultural norms and can lead to distress or impairment.