ANAPHY QUIZ 2

Cells

are the living structural and functional units enclosed by a membrane.

cytology

is the study of cellular structure and function.

somatic cell

body cells ex. Blood cell, bone cell, neuron

germ cell

sex cells ex. egg cells and sperm cell

plasma membrane

barrier, control, signaling

plasma membrane

Consists of a lipid bilayer made up of phospholipids, cholesterol and glycolipids.

plasma membrane

are selectively permeable:

cell

either permeable or impermeable to certain substances.

lipid bilayer

is permeable to small, nonpolar, uncharged molecules (e.g. oxygen, carbon dioxide, water and steroids), but impermeable to glucose

transmembrane proteins

act as channels and transporters to assist the entrance of certain substances, for example. glucose and ion

concentration gradient

is the difference in the concentration of a chemical between one side of the plasma membrane and the other.

electrical gradient

is the difference in concentration of ions between one side of the plasma membrane and the other.

electrochemical gradient

concentration gradient and electrical gradient together, these gradients make up an?

soma

means body

synthesis

creation of cells

passive process

a substance moves down its concentration or electrical gradient to cross
the membrane using only its own kinetic energy (energy of motion).

kinetic energy

is intrinsic to the particles that are moving.

active process

Cellular energy is used to drive the substance "uphill" against its concentration or electrical gradient.

cellular energy

is used to drive the substance "uphill" against its concentration or electrical gradient.

active process

The cellular energy used is usually in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP).

active transport

requires energy

passive transport

does not require energy

diffusion

molecules move to equalize concentration

vesicle

a small spherical sac formed by budding off from a membrane

diffusion

process wherein solutes moves from an area of high concentration to areas of low concentration

diffusion

is a passive process in which the random mixing of particles in a solution accurs because of the particles kinetic energy.

diffusion

They move down from higher concentration gradient to a lower conc gradient.

simple diffusion

is a passive process in which substances move freely through the lipid bilayer of the plasma membranes of cells without the help of membrane transport proteins

channel-mediated facilitated diffusion

a solute moves down its concentration gradient across the lipid bilayer through a membrane channel

carrier-mediated facilitated diffusion

a carrier (also called a transporter) moves a solute down its concentration gradient across the plasma membrane

tonicity

of a solution relates to how the solution influences the shape of body cells.

osmosis

Fluid flows from lower solute concentration - Often involves movement of water- Into cell -Out of cell.

osmosis

The net movement of a solvent through a selectively permeable membrane from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentrations

facilitated diffusion

Protein binds with molecule, Shape of protein changes, Molecule moves across membrane

active transport

Solutes are transported across plasma membranes with the use of energy, from an area of lower concentration to an area of higher concentration (e.g. Sodium-potassium pump).

endocytosis

materials move into a cell in a vesicle formed from the plasma membrane

exocytosis

vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane, releasing their contents into the extracellular fluid. Materials move out in the cell in a vesicles fuse with the plasma membrane.

transcytosis

a combination of endocytosis and exocytosis; vesicles undergo endocytosis on one side of a cell, move across the cell, and then undergo exocytosis on the opposite side.

phagocytosis

cellular eating

pinocytosis

cellular drinking

endocytosis

Plasma membrane surrounds material, Edges of membrane meet, Membranes fuse to form

receptor-mediated endocytosis

highly selective type of endocytosis by which cells take up specific ligands.

phagocytosis

form of endocytosis in which the cell engulfs large solid particles, such as worn-out cells, whole bacteria, or virus.

pinocytosis

form of endocytosis in which tiny droplets of extracellular fluid are taken up

cytoplasm

consists of all the cellular contents between the plasma membrane and the nucleus.

cytosol

the fluid portion of cytoplasm, contains water, dissolved solutes, and suspended particles.

organelles

Little organs, specialized structures inside the cell. (e.g.cytoskeleton, endoplasmic reticulum, ribosomes)

cytosol

Is the fluid portion of the cytoplasm that surrounds organelles and constitutes about 55% of total cell volume

cytosol

is 75-90% water plus various dissolved and suspended components:

cytosol

is the site of many chemical reactions required for a cell's existence

cytoskeleton

is a network of protein filaments that extends throughout the cytosol

microfilaments

are the thinnest elements of the cytoskeleton. They are composed of the proteins actin and myosin and are most prevalent at the edge of a cell.

microfilaments

They help generate movement and provide mechanical support

intermediate filaments

thicker than microfilaments but thinner than microtubules

microtubules

largest of the cytoskeletal components and are long unbranched hollow tubes composed mainly of the protein tubulin

centrosome

located near the nucleus, consists of two components: a pair of centrioles and pericentriolar material

nucleus

Call's control center; contains DNA and Nucleoli, sto for RNA synthesis and ribosomal subunit assembly

ribosomes

Site of protoin synthesis

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Where many ribosomes attachod; site of protein synthesi:

golgi apparatus

Modifies protein structure and packages proteins in secretory vesicles

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Site of lipid synthesis, participates in detoxification

secretory vesicle

Contains materials produced in the cell: formed by tho Golgi apparatus, secreted by exocytosis

lysosome

Contains enzymes that digest material taken into the cell

mitochondrion

Site of aerobic respiration and the major site of ATP synthesis

microtubule

Supports cytoplasm; assists in cell division and forms components of cilia and flagella

centrioles

Facilitate the movement of chromosomes during cell division

cilia

Move substances over surfaces of certain cells

flagella

propel sperm cells

nucleus

carries the genetic material that contains information for cell activities and cell division.

diploid

A cell possessing two copies of each chromosome (human body cells).

homologous chromosomes

are made up of sister chromatids joined at the centromere.

haploid

a cell possessing a single copy of each chromosome (human sex cells).

centrioles

are organelles which are only active during cell division.

centrioles

They produce spindle fibers which attach to chromosomes. The fibers pull a copy of each chromosome to opposite sides of the cell so that when it splits, each new daughter cell has all the DNA it needs.

cell division

an integral part of the cell cycle results in genetically identical daughter cells

meiosis

Also known as reduction division.

meiosis

it is a type of cell division that reduces the number of chromosomes in the parent cell by half and produces four gamete cells (haploid).

meiosis

Occurs only in gametes or sex cells.

mitosis

Type of cell division where in parent cell divides and each of the two daughter cells receives a chromosomal set identical to that of the parent cell (diploid)

mitosis

ensures that all living organisms will maintain both Genetic Diversity and Genetic Integrity

cell cycle

is a sequence of cell growth and division.

cell cycle

is the period from the beginning of one division to the beginning of the next.

generation time

The time it takes to complete one cell cycle is the?

somatic cells

Cells that make your organs and tissues

sex cells

The ONLY cells that are not somatic - sperm and egg (Gametes)

mitosis

Division of the cell nucleus is called?

cytokinesis

Division of the cell cytoplasm is called?

cell cycle

is the series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide.

interphase

period of growth that occurs between cell divisions.

chromatin

long, thin strands made up of DNA and protein. The protein helps the DNA to stay together when chromosomes form.

chromosomes

Genetic information is passed from one generation to the next on chromosomes.

chromatids

Each chromosome consists of two identical "sister" called?

centromere

Each pair of chromatids is attached at an area called the?

somatic cells

occurs in body cells

prophase

longest phase

prophase

chromosomes becomes visible

telophase

Chromosomes gather at opposite ends of the cell and lose their distinct shape

telophase

a new nuclear envelope forms around each cluster of chromosomes

cytokinesis

the cytoplasm pinches in half.

cytokinesis

Each daughter cell has an identical set of duplicate chromosomes