Behavioral Neuroscience EXAM 2

What kind of interactions are occurring in cell differentiation?

cell-cell interactions

What is apoptosis?

cell death

What are the functions of neurotrophic factors?

They are needed to keep neurons alive, block apoptosis, and regulate expression

What is collateral sprouting?

Neighboring neuron would sprout its axon and take its place.

In human adolescence, which of the following is a white matter brain structure that will show an overall increase in neurogenesis?

hippocampus

When does neurogenesis in adulthood occur in women and men?

In women, neurogenesis occurs after menopause. In men, its with age.

Does the dendritic growth occur before birth or after birth?

After birth

What is epigenetics response?

Methylation of the gene for the cortical receptor

What is epigenetics?

study of factors that change gene expression without changing the gene sequences

What is the result of methylation?

less gene expression, high anxiety, low grooming, high stress

What are the 8 basic emotions suggested by Ekman?

anger, fear, sadness, disgust, contempt, surprise and happiness

What is the James-Lange Theory?

autonomic reaction triggers feeling — stimulus triggers perception/interpretation which triggers specific pattern of autonomic arousal (heart racing) which triggers a specific emotion (fear)

What was discovered in Schachter’s Experiment?

theory is truthful — autonomic makes you feel and cognitive systems let you know what emotions you are feeling

person in room with playful person felt joyful after

person in room with angry person felt angry after

Where does the high road pathway go?

passes through hippocampus — processed more

Where does the low road pathway go?

straight to the amygdala — less processing

What kind of feedback network is the HPA axis?

negative feedback network

What bodily function is NOT one of the symptoms of prolonged stress — increased cardiovascular tone, hypertension, digestive problems, depression, increased productivity

increased productivity

What are the heritability rules with Schizophrenia?

closer in relation, more likely to inherit

What is the hypofrontality hypothesis in schizophrenia?

frontal lobes are underactive in people with schizophrenia — decreased blood flow and reduced density of dendritic spines

What is the Dopamine Hypothesis?

Schizophrenia is caused by an excess of either dopamine release or dopamine receptors

What hypothesis studies PCP?

Glutamate Hypothesis

What is the primary receptor associated with the Glutamate Hypothesis?

NMDA receptor

What percentage of young adults have major depression?

19%

What percentage of depression cases coincide with suicidality?

13%

Which population reports the most of having mental illness? and what percentage?

college students, 32%

Is mental illness greater in men or women?

women

One in what postpartum women show symptoms of depression?

1 in 7

What are the brain changes associated with depression?

increased activation of prefrontal cortex and amygdala; decreased activity in hippocampus and anterior cingulate cortex

What are the monoamines?

Norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin

What is the function of Tricyclics—2nd gen antidepressant?

Inhibit reuptake of monoamines

What is the most effective treatment of depression?

CBT and SSRIs used together

What hormone is lowered in people with PTSD?

cortisol

What is the effect of anxiolytic drugs like Benzodiazepines on synapses?

Binding to GABAa receptors and enhancing GABA’s inhibitory actions

What kind of memory is delayed matching-to-sample task testing?

declarative memory

What is declarative memory?

clearly told

What is episodic memory?

whats happened throughout life

What is semantic memory?

facts

What is nondeclarative memory?

Muscle memory—things you know that you can show by doing

What memory is impaired by damage to the basal ganglia?

skill learning and procedural memory

What is priming?

A change in stimulus processing due to prior exposure to the stimulus

What type of memory is priming?

Nondeclarative

What is an example of operant conditioning?

Getting rewarded with candy each time you are quiet in Mass

What cells are actively encoding where the animal is in a certain area?

place cells

Where are place cells in the brain?

Hippocampus

What cells are in charge of the latitude and longitude matrix?

grid cells

Where are grid cells in the brain?

Medial entorhinal cortex

Where are boundary cells in the brain?

medial entorhinal cortex

Where are head direction cells located?

presubiculum

What is positive reinforcement?

get rewarded to increase behavior

What is negative reinforcement?

Remove an unpleasant stimulus to increase behavior

What is positive punishment?

Apply an unpleasant stimulus to decrease behavior

What is negative punishment?

Remove a pleasant stimulus to decrease behavior

What is the process of long-term memory?

Encoding, consolidation, and retrieval

What would happen if encoding is prevented?

Consolidation and retrieval would not occur

What does it mean for a memory to be consolidated?

brought into long-term storage

What does it mean for a memory to be retrieved?

Memory is brought out of consolidation to be used

What is the neurotransmitter associated with AMPA receptors?

Glutamate

Which hypothesis states that facial expression will effect emotion felt?

Facial feedback hypothesis

What brain regions showed decrease in love?

Posterior cingulate and amygdala

What is a common movement disorder related to classical neuroleptics?

Tardive dyskinesia

What is wrong with Patient K.C.?

brain damage from a motorcycle accident – frontal and parietal cortex

Is this episodic, semantic, skill learning, or priming: first day of school

episodic

s this episodic, semantic, skill learning, or priming: your knowledge of what a car is and how an engine works

semantic

Is this episodic, semantic, skill learning, or priming: mastering complex musical pieces

skill learning

Is this episodic, semantic, skill learning, or priming: if you show a person the word doctor he will be faster to recognise the word nurse than showing a different word

priming